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- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body abstract "The effects of MDMA (or ecstasy) on the human brain and body are complex. The biochemical effects induced include serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine release, and can act directly on a number of receptors, including α2-adrenergic (adrenaline) and 5-HT2A (serotonin) receptors. (DHEA), and the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (which may be important in its occasional production of water intoxication or hyponatremia).It is not understood how the chemical effects of MDMA induce its psychoactive effects. Most explanations focus on serotonin release. MDMA causes serotonin vesicles in the neurons to release quantities of serotonin into the synapses. Studies using pretreatment with an SSRI to block the ability of MDMA to release serotonin in volunteers suggest serotonin release is necessary for most psychoactive effects of MDMA in humans. Released serotonin stimulates several receptors that are believed to contribute to the experiential effects of MDMA. Laboratory rodent experiments have shown MDMA to activate oxytocin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus by stimulating 5-HT1A receptors. This appears to contribute to some of the social effects of MDMA: upon administering a drug that blocked brain receptors for oxytocin, the effects of the drug on social behavior were reduced. A second serotonin receptor, 5-HT2A receptors (which are important for the effects of hallucinogens), makes mild contributions to MDMA effects. When the receptor was blocked, volunteers given MDMA reported decreases in MDMA-induced perceptual changes, emotional excitation, and acute adverse responses. In contrast, blocking these 5-HT2A receptors had little effect on MDMA-induced positive mood, well-being, extroversion, and most short-term sequelae. One possible explanation for some of these 5-HTA-mediated effects is that 5-HT2A stimulation inhibits dopamine release.Although serotonin is important to the effects of MDMA, other drugs that release serotonin, such as fenfluramine, do not have effects like MDMA. This indicates that other neurochemical systems must be important for the MDMA experience. In addition to serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline may play important roles in producing MDMA effects. The dopaminergic D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol selectively reduced the euphoric effects of MDMA in volunteers while increasing feelings of anxiety. Although not yet examined in humans, several studies in rodents indicate the noradrenergic mechanisms contribute to the stimulating effects of MDMA. Like many substituted amphetamines, MDMA is a TAAR1 agonist, which is the receptor responsible for the effect of amphetamines and trace amines on monoamine transporter reuptake inhibition.The effects of MDMA on regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) have been studied in humans using [H215O]-Positron Emission Tomography (PET) MDMA was found to produce alteration of brain activity in cortical, limbic, and paralimbic structures. The dose of MDMA, 1.7 mg/kg, was psychoactive and participants reported heightened mood, increased extroversion, feelings of altered reality, and mild perceptual alterations. Feelings of "extroversion" correlated with CBF in the temporal cortex, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex.".
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- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body subject Category:Amphetamines.
- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body subject Category:Drugs.
- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body subject Category:Health.
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- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body type Matter100020827.
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- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body type Stimulant104320126.
- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body type Substance100020090.
- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body comment "The effects of MDMA (or ecstasy) on the human brain and body are complex. The biochemical effects induced include serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine release, and can act directly on a number of receptors, including α2-adrenergic (adrenaline) and 5-HT2A (serotonin) receptors.".
- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body label "Effects of MDMA on the human body".
- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body label "آثار الإكستاسي على جسم الإنسان".
- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body sameAs Q5347359.
- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body sameAs Q5347359.
- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body sameAs Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body.
- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body wasDerivedFrom Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body?oldid=606221438.
- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body depiction MDMA_Crystal.jpg.
- Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body isPrimaryTopicOf Effects_of_MDMA_on_the_human_body.
