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• Franz_Boas abstract "Franz Uri Boas (/ˈfrɑːnz ˈboʊ.æz/; July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology".Studying in Germany, Boas received his doctorate in psychology, specializing in the psychophysics of perception, and did post-doctoral work in geography. He participated in an expedition to northern Canada where he became fascinated with the culture and language of the Baffin Island Inuit. He went on to do field work with the indigenous cultures and languages of the Pacific Northwest. In 1887 he emigrated to the United States where he first worked as a museum curator at the Smithsonian, and in 1899 became professor of anthropology at Columbia University where he remained for the rest of his career. Through his students, many of whom went on to found anthropology departments and research programmes inspired by their mentor, Boas profoundly influenced the development of American anthropology. Among his most significant students were A. L. Kroeber, Ruth Benedict, Edward Sapir, Margaret Mead, Zora Neale Hurston, and many others.Boas was one of the most prominent opponents of the then popular ideologies of scientific racism, the idea that race is a biological concept and that human behavior is best understood through the typology of biological characteristics. In a series of groundbreaking studies of skeletal anatomy he showed that cranial shape and size was highly malleable depending on environmental factors such as health and nutrition, in contrast to the claims by racial anthropologists of the day that held headshape to be a stable racial trait. Boas also worked to demonstrate that differences in human behavior was primarily not determined by innate biological dispositions, but was largely the result of cultural differences acquired through social learning. In this way Boas introduced culture as the primary concept for describing differences in behavior between human groups, and as the central analytical concept of anthropology.Among Boas' main contributions to anthropological thought was his rejection of the then popular evolutionary approaches to the study of culture, which saw all societies progressing through a set of hierarchic technological and cultural stages, with Western-European culture at the summit. Boas argued that culture developed historically through the interactions of groups of people and the diffusion of ideas, and that consequently there was no process towards continuously "higher" cultural forms. This insight led Boas to reject the "stage"-based organization of ethnological museums, instead preferring to order items on display based on the affinity and proximity of the cultural groups in question. Boas also introduced the ideology of cultural relativism which holds that cultures cannot be objectively ranked as higher or lower, or better or more correct, but that all humans see the world through the lens of their own culture, and judge it according to their own culturally acquired norms. For Boas the object of anthropology was to understand the way in which culture conditioned people to understand and interact with the world in different ways, and to do this it was necessary to gain an understanding of the language and cultural practices of the people studied. By uniting the disciplines of archeology, the study of material culture and history, and physical anthropology, the study of variation in human anatomy, with ethnology, the study of cultural variation of customs, and descriptive linguistics, the study of unwritten indigenous languages, Boas created the four field subdivision of anthropology which became prominent in American anthropology in the 20th century.".
• Franz_Boas birthDate "1858-07-09".
• Franz_Boas birthPlace German_Confederation.
• Franz_Boas birthPlace Germany.
• Franz_Boas birthPlace Minden.
• Franz_Boas birthPlace Province_of_Westphalia.
• Franz_Boas birthPlace Westphalia.
• Franz_Boas birthYear "1858".
• Franz_Boas child Ernst_Philip_Boas.
• Franz_Boas child Franziska_Boas.
• Franz_Boas deathDate "1942-12-21".
• Franz_Boas deathPlace New_York.
• Franz_Boas deathYear "1942".
• Franz_Boas education Doctor_of_Philosophy.
• Franz_Boas education Geography.
• Franz_Boas education University_of_Kiel.
• Franz_Boas occupation Anthropologist.
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• Franz_Boas birthDate "1858-07-09".
• Franz_Boas birthPlace German_Confederation.
• Franz_Boas birthPlace Minden.
• Franz_Boas birthPlace Province_of_Westphalia.
• Franz_Boas children "Helene Boas Yampolsky Ernst Philip Boas Hedwig Boas Gertrud Boas Henry Herbert Donaldson Boas Marie Franziska Boas".
• Franz_Boas dateOfBirth "1858-07-09".
• Franz_Boas dateOfDeath "1942-12-21".
• Franz_Boas deathDate "1942-12-21".
• Franz_Boas deathPlace "New York, U.S.".
• Franz_Boas education "Ph.D. in geography, University of Kiel".
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• Franz_Boas name "Boas, Franz".
• Franz_Boas name "Franz Boas".
• Franz_Boas occupation Anthropologist.
• Franz_Boas parents "Meier Boas , Sophie Meyer Boas".
• Franz_Boas placeOfBirth Germany.
• Franz_Boas placeOfBirth Minden.
• Franz_Boas placeOfBirth Westphalia.
• Franz_Boas placeOfDeath New_York.
• Franz_Boas shortDescription "America anthropologist".
• Franz_Boas signature "Franz Boas signature.svg".
• Franz_Boas spouse "Marie Krackowizer Boas".
• Franz_Boas description "America anthropologist".
• Franz_Boas description "America anthropologist".
• Franz_Boas subject Category:1858_births.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:1942_deaths.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:American_anthropologists.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:American_linguists.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:American_people_of_German-Jewish_descent.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:Clark_University_faculty.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:Columbia_University_faculty.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:German_Jews.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:German_anthropologists.
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• Franz_Boas subject Category:People_associated_with_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History.
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• Franz_Boas subject Category:People_from_the_Province_of_Westphalia.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:Phonologists.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:Smithsonian_Institution_people.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:String_figures.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:University_of_Bonn_alumni.
• Franz_Boas subject Category:University_of_Heidelberg_alumni.
• Franz_Boas type AmericanAnthropologists.
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• Franz_Boas type Anthropologist109796323.
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• Franz_Boas type GermanAnthropologists.
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