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- GDF11 abstract "Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF11 gene. This group of proteins is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site, which is cleaved to produce a protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues. It is a myostatin-homologous protein that acts as an inhibitor of nerve tissue growth. GDF11 has been shown to suppress neurogenesis through a pathway similar to that of myostatin, including stopping the progenitor cell-cycle during G-phase. The similarities between GDF11 and myostatin imply a likelihood that the same regulatory mechanisms are used to control tissue size during both muscular and neural development.GDF11 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that controls anterior-posterior patterning by regulating the expression of Hox genes. It determines Hox gene expression domains and rostrocaudal identity in the caudal spinal cord. During mouse development, GDF11 expression begins in the tail bud and caudal neural plate region. GDF knock-out mice display skeletal defects as a result of patterning problems with anterior-posterior positioning. This cytokine also inhibits the proliferation of olfactory receptor neuron progenitors to regulate the number of olfactory receptor neurons occurring in the olfactory epithelium,and controls the competence of progenitor cells to regulate numbers of retinal ganglionic cells developing in the retina. Other studies in mice suggest that GDF11 is involved in mesodermal formation and neurogenesis during embryonic development. The members of this TGF-β superfamily are involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation not only in embryonic tissues, but adult tissues as well.GDF11 can bind type I TGF-beta superfamily receptors ACVR1B (ALK4), TGFBR1 (ALK5) and ACVR1C (ALK7), but predominantly uses ALK4 and ALK5 for signal transduction.GDF11 has been identified as a blood circulating factor that has the ability to reverse cardiac hypertrophy in mice as a result of hypertrophy related to aging. GDF11 gene expression and protein abundance decreases with age, and it shows differential abundance between young and old mice in parabiosis procedures, causing youthful regeneration of cardiomyocytes, a reduction in the Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and in the Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). GDF11 also causes an increase in expression of SERCA-2, an enzyme necessary for relaxation during diastolic functions. GDF11 activates the TGF-β pathway in cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and suppresses the phosphorylation of Forkhead (FOX proteins) transcription factors. These effects suggest an "anti-hypertrophic effect", aiding in the reversal process of age-related hypertrophy, on the cardiomyocytes.GDF11 is closely related to myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth. Both myostatin and GDF11 are involved in the regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation. GDF11 is also a negative regulator of neurogenesis, the production of islet progenitor cells, the regulation of kidney organogenesis, pancreatic development, the rostro-caudal patterning in the development of spinal cords, and is a negative regulator of chondrogenesis.Due to the similarities between myostatin and GDF11, the actions of GDF11 are likely regulated by WFIKKN2, a large extracellular multidomain protein consisting of follistatin, immunoglobulin, protease inhibitor, and NTR domains. WFIKKN2 has a high affinity for GDF11, and previously has been found to inhibit the biological activities of myostatin.".
- GDF11 entrezgene "10220".
- GDF11 wikiPageExternalLink making-old-hearts-younger.
- GDF11 wikiPageID "10267706".
- GDF11 wikiPageRevisionID "591418729".
- GDF11 hasPhotoCollection GDF11.
- GDF11 subject Category:Aging-related_proteins.
- GDF11 subject Category:Developmental_genes_and_proteins.
- GDF11 subject Category:TGFβ_domain.
- GDF11 type Biomolecule.
- GDF11 type Protein.
- GDF11 type ProteinMolecule.
- GDF11 type BiologicalObject.
- GDF11 comment "Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF11 gene. This group of proteins is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site, which is cleaved to produce a protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues. It is a myostatin-homologous protein that acts as an inhibitor of nerve tissue growth.".
- GDF11 label "GDF11".
- GDF11 sameAs m.02q6_jb.
- GDF11 sameAs Q5513076.
- GDF11 sameAs Q5513076.
- GDF11 wasDerivedFrom GDF11?oldid=591418729.
- GDF11 isPrimaryTopicOf GDF11.