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• Glenn_Allan_Millikan abstract "Glenn Allan Millikan (1906–1947), American physiologist, invented the first practical, portable pulse oximeter in 1940–1942. The Millikan oximeter "is generally acknowledged as the beginning of oximetry in physiology and clinical medicine." The word oximeter was introduced by Millikan.Millikan, son of physicist Robert Andrews Millikan, studied at the Harvard University and the University of Cambridge. During his doctorate studies in Cambridge he built a dual-wavelength colorimeter for blood oxygen level measurements. The Fellowship of Trinity College awarded Millikan a four-year scholarship for this work. The award allowed Millikan to continue research of myoglobin-oxygen reactions in Cambridge until 1937. After the outbreak of World War II Millikan was stranded in the United States. Unable to return to Cambridge, he accepted an unpaid laboratory appointment at the University of Pennsylvania and concentrated on bioluminescence research. Later, he obtained teaching assignments at the University of Pennsylvania and at Harvard.In the spring of 1940 Lord Adrian, Millikan's former advisor at Cambridge, asked Millikan to help the Royal Air Force with the development of a reliable breathing apparatus. According to Adrian, pilots regularly lost consciousness during high-altitude dogfights, and needed "an oxygen delivery system with a demand valve responsive to altitude and activity". Millikan built the device for monitoring the state of pilot's organism in flight (the Millikan oximeter) in 1940 and presented it to the American Physiological Society in 1941. The oximeter was integrated into the pilot's altitude mask and had to be clasped to the earlobe. The oxygen supply system, developed by Bendix Corporation, relied on the oximeter as the primary sensor in its feedback loop.The earpiece of Millikan's oximeter (an open photocell-lamp assembly manufactured commercially by Coleman Electric) contained an incandescent light bulb, a set of red and green filters, and a selenium barrier level photocell. According to Millikan's early statements, light absorbance of green light was independent of blood oxygen level, absorbance of red light depended on it. However, in 1942 it was found that the flesh of human ear absorbs almost all green light. "Green light" sensed by Millikan's photocell was actually invisible infrared light emitted by the lamp and unaffected by green filter.Millikan's wartime work outlined three basic problems of oximetry: absence of suitable theory, inability to differentiate between blood and other tissues in the path of light, and inability to differentiate between arterial, venous and capillary blood, of which only arterial blood was relevant to oxygen measurement. Millikan's own solution to these challenges were poor. The third problem was solved by "fully flushing" the earlobe by heating it with the lightbulb. The second one was not an issue in RAF breathing sets because they supplied pure oxygen. Calibration of the device for a patient breathing pure oxygen was quite straightforward.In 1938 Millikan married Clare Leigh Mallory, daughter of George Mallory, the mountaneer who died while climbing Mount Everest. In 1947 Millikan himself was killed while climbing the Cumberland Mountains. After his death his parents sponsored a series of Glenn Millikan lectures at Vanderbilt University where Millikan worked for the last year of his life.".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan almaMater Harvard_University.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan almaMater University_of_Cambridge.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan birthDate "1906".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan birthPlace Chicago.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan birthYear "1906".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan deathDate "1947".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan deathYear "1947".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan doctoralAdvisor Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan field Pulse_oximetry.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan knownFor Pulse_oximetry.
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• Glenn_Allan_Millikan almaMater Harvard_University.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan almaMater University_of_Cambridge.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan birthDate "1906".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan birthPlace Chicago.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan dateOfBirth "1906".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan dateOfDeath "1947".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan deathDate "May 1947".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan doctoralAdvisor Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan doctoralAdvisor "Sir Joseph Bancroft".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan field Pulse_oximetry.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan hasPhotoCollection Glenn_Allan_Millikan.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan knownFor "Invention of practical pulse oximeter".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan name "Glenn Allan Millikan".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan name "Millikan, Glenn Allan".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan nationality "United States".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan placeOfBirth Chicago.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan shortDescription "American physiologist".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan description "American physiologist".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan description "American physiologist".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan subject Category:1906_births.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan subject Category:1947_deaths.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan subject Category:Alumni_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge.
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• Glenn_Allan_Millikan subject Category:American_physiologists.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan subject Category:Harvard_University_alumni.
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• Glenn_Allan_Millikan comment "Glenn Allan Millikan (1906–1947), American physiologist, invented the first practical, portable pulse oximeter in 1940–1942. The Millikan oximeter "is generally acknowledged as the beginning of oximetry in physiology and clinical medicine." The word oximeter was introduced by Millikan.Millikan, son of physicist Robert Andrews Millikan, studied at the Harvard University and the University of Cambridge.".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan label "Glenn Allan Millikan".
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• Glenn_Allan_Millikan givenName "Glenn Allan".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan isPrimaryTopicOf Glenn_Allan_Millikan.
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan name "Glenn Allan Millikan".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan name "Millikan, Glenn Allan".
• Glenn_Allan_Millikan surname "Millikan".