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• Golden_Bull abstract "Not to be confused with Golden calf.A Golden Bull or chrysobull was a golden ornament representing a seal (a bulla aurea or "golden seal" in Latin), attached to a decree issued by Byzantine Emperors and later by monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The term was originally coined for the golden seal itself but came to be applied to the entire decree. Such decrees were known as golden bulls in western Europe and chrysobullos logos, or chrysobulls, in the Byzantine Empire (χρυσός, chrysos, being Greek for gold).For nearly eight hundred years, they were issued unilaterally, without obligations on the part of the other party or parties. However, this eventually proved disadvantageous as the Byzantines sought to restrain the efforts of foreign powers to undermine the empire. During the 12th century, the Byzantines began to insert into golden bulls sworn statements of the obligations of their negotiating partners.[citation needed]Notable golden bulls included: The Golden Bull of 1082, issued by Alexios I Komnenos, granted the merchants of Venice free trading rights, exempt from tax, throughout the Byzantine Empire in return for their defense of the Adriatic Sea against the Normans The Golden Bull of 1136, issued by Pope Innocent II, more commonly known as the Bull of Gniezno. The Golden Bull of Sicily, issued by 1212 by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. The Golden Bull of 1213, issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. The Golden Bull of 1214, issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor ceding all German territories north of the rivers Elbe and Elde to King Valdemar the Victorious of Denmark. The Golden Bull of Berne, supposedly also issued by Frederick II in 1218, but now considered a forgery. The Golden Bull of 1222, issued by King Andrew II of Hungary. This confirmed the rights of the nobility; it was forced on him much in the same way that King John of England was made to sign the Magna Carta. The Golden Bull of 1224 (the Goldenen Freibrief) was also promulgated by Andrew, granting certain rights to the Saxon inhabitants of Transylvania. The Golden Bull of Rimini (1226), issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. The Golden Bull of 1242 issued by King Béla IV to inhabitants of Gradec (today's Zagreb) and Samobor in Croatia, during Mongol invasion of Europe. By this golden bull King Bela IV proclaimed a Free Royal Borough (free and royal city). The Golden Bull of 1267, issued by King Bela IV of Hungary. The Golden Bull of 1348, issued by King Karel I of Bohemia, later Holy Roman Emperor as Charles IV, to establish Charles University in Prague, one of the oldest universities in the world. The Golden Bull of 1356 is probably the most famous golden bull, being a decree issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. Its promulgation at the Diet of Nuremberg defined, for a period of more than four hundred years, the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire. The Golden Bull of 1702, issued by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor to establish the Akademia Leopoldina in the Silesian capital of Breslau (present name: Wrocław), the future University of Breslau (Universitas Vratislatensis).↑ ↑ ↑".
• Golden_Bull thumbnail Chrysobull_of_Alexius_III_of_Trebizond.jpg?width=300.
• Golden_Bull wikiPageExternalLink GoldenBu.html.
• Golden_Bull wikiPageExternalLink goldenbull.html.
• Golden_Bull wikiPageExternalLink AndrewII.html.
• Golden_Bull wikiPageExternalLink golden-bull.
• Golden_Bull wikiPageID "218761".
• Golden_Bull wikiPageRevisionID "603135922".
• Golden_Bull hasPhotoCollection Golden_Bull.
• Golden_Bull subject Category:Golden_Bulls.
• Golden_Bull subject Category:Seals_(insignia).
• Golden_Bull type Animal100015388.
• Golden_Bull type Bovid102401031.
• Golden_Bull type Bovine102402010.
• Golden_Bull type Bull102403325.
• Golden_Bull type Cattle102402425.
• Golden_Bull type Chordate101466257.
• Golden_Bull type Even-toedUngulate102394477.
• Golden_Bull type GoldenBulls.
• Golden_Bull type LivingThing100004258.
• Golden_Bull type Mammal101861778.
• Golden_Bull type Object100002684.
• Golden_Bull type Organism100004475.
• Golden_Bull type PhysicalEntity100001930.
• Golden_Bull type Placental101886756.
• Golden_Bull type Ruminant102399000.
• Golden_Bull type Ungulate102370806.
• Golden_Bull type Vertebrate101471682.
• Golden_Bull type Whole100003553.
• Golden_Bull comment "Not to be confused with Golden calf.A Golden Bull or chrysobull was a golden ornament representing a seal (a bulla aurea or "golden seal" in Latin), attached to a decree issued by Byzantine Emperors and later by monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The term was originally coined for the golden seal itself but came to be applied to the entire decree.".
• Golden_Bull label "Bula de oro".
• Golden_Bull label "Bula dourada".
• Golden_Bull label "Bulle d'or".
• Golden_Bull label "Goldbulle".
• Golden_Bull label "Golden Bull".
• Golden_Bull label "Gouden Bul".
• Golden_Bull label "Złota Bulla".
• Golden_Bull label "Золотая булла".
• Golden_Bull label "金印勅書".
• Golden_Bull label "金玺诏书".
• Golden_Bull sameAs Zlatá_bula.
• Golden_Bull sameAs Goldbulle.
• Golden_Bull sameAs Bula_de_oro.
• Golden_Bull sameAs Bulle_d'or.
• Golden_Bull sameAs 金印勅書.
• Golden_Bull sameAs Gouden_Bul.
• Golden_Bull sameAs Złota_Bulla.
• Golden_Bull sameAs Bula_dourada.
• Golden_Bull sameAs Q198721.
• Golden_Bull sameAs Q198721.
• Golden_Bull sameAs Golden_Bull.
• Golden_Bull wasDerivedFrom Golden_Bull?oldid=603135922.
• Golden_Bull depiction Chrysobull_of_Alexius_III_of_Trebizond.jpg.
• Golden_Bull isPrimaryTopicOf Golden_Bull.