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• History_of_Afghanistan abstract "The written history of Afghanistan can be traced back to around 500 BCE when the area was under the Achaemenid Empire, although evidence indicates that an advanced degree of urbanized culture has existed in the land since between 3000 and 2000 BCE. Alexander the Great and his Macedonian army arrived in what is now Afghanistan in 330 BCE after conquering Persia during the Battle of Gaugamela. Many powerful foreign kingdoms have established their capitals inside the modern state of Afghanistan, including the Greco-Bactrians, Mauryas, Kushans, Kabul Shahi, Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Timurids, Mughals, Hotakis, Durranis, and others.Afghanistan (meaning "land of the Afghans") has been a strategically important location throughout history. The land served as "a gateway to India, impinging on the ancient Silk Road, which carried trade from the Mediterranean to China". Sitting on many trade and migration routes, Afghanistan may be called the 'Central Asian roundabout' since routes converge from the Middle East, from the Indus Valley through the passes over the Hindu Kush, from the Far East via the Tarim Basin, and from the adjacent Eurasian Steppe.Afghan people called the Aryans from Central Asia arrived in Afghanistan after the 20th century BCE, who left their languages that survived in the form of Pashto and Dari. The Arab invasions influenced the culture of Afghanistan, as its Zoroastrian, Macedonian and Buddhist past has long vanished. Local empire-builders such as the Ghaznavids, Ghurids and Timurids made the region now called Afghanistan a major medieval power, as well as a learning center that produced the likes of Avicenna, Al-Biruni, and Rumi, among many other academic or iconic figures.Mirwais Hotak followed by Ahmad Shah Durrani unified Afghan tribes and founded the last Afghan Empire in the early 18th century CE. Afghanistan's sovereignty has been held during the Anglo-Afghan Wars, the 1980s Soviet war, and the 2001-present war by the country's many and diverse people: the Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Aimak, Baloch, and others. The Pashtuns form the largest group, claiming to be descendants of ancient Israelites or Qais Abdur Rashid but scholars believe that they are a confederation of various peoples from the past who united under Pashtunwali.".
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• History_of_Afghanistan col "* Banting, Erinn. Afghanistan the People. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2003. ISBN 0-7787-9336-2. * Barfield, Thomas. Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History excerpt and text search * Bleaney, C. H; María Ángeles Gallego. Afghanistan: a bibliography. BRILL, 2006. ISBN 90-04-14532-X. * Caroe, Olaf . The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957. Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints. Oxford University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-19-577221-0. * Clements, Frank. Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2003. ISBN 1-85109-402-4. * Dupree, Louis. Afghanistan. Princeton University Press, 1973. ISBN 0-691-03006-5. * Dupree, Nancy Hatch. An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization, 1977. * Elliot, Henry Miers. The history of India, as told by its own historians: The Muhammadan period. Elibron.com, 1952. Volume 8. ISBN 0-543-94714-9 * Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1819. An account of the kingdom of Caubul, and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: Comprising a view of the Afghaun nation, and a history of the Dooraunee monarchy. Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, and J. Murry, 1819. * Fowler, Corinne. Chasing tales: travel writing, journalism and the history of British ideas about Afghanistan. Rodopi, 2007. Amsterdam and New York. ISBN 90-420-2262-0. * Griffiths, John C. . Afghanistan: a history of conflict. Carlton Books, 2001. ISBN 1-84222-597-9. * Gommans, Jos J. L. The rise of the Indo-Afghan empire, c.1710-1780. BRILL, 1995. ISBN 90-04-10109-8. * Gregorian, Vartan. The emergence of modern Afghanistan: politics of reform and modernization, 1880-1946. Stanford University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-8047-0706-5 * Habibi, Abdul Hai. Afghanistan: An Abridged History. Fenestra Books, 2003. ISBN 1-58736-169-8. * Harmatta, János. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999. ISBN 81-208-1408-8. * Hiebert, Fredrik Talmage. Afghanistan: hidden treasures from the National Museum, Kabul. National Geographic Society, 2008. ISBN 1-4262-0295-4. * Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu." 2nd Draft Edition.".
• History_of_Afghanistan col "* Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation. * Holt, Frank. Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan. University of California Press, 2006. ISBN 0-520-24993-3. * Hopkins, B. D. 2008. The Making of Modern Afghanistan. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. ISBN 0-230-55421-0. * Levi, Peter. 1972. The light garden of the angel king: journeys in Afghanistan. Collins, 1972. ISBN 0-00-211042-3. * Malleson, George Bruce . History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878. Elibron Classic Replica Edition. Adamant Media Corporation, 2005. ISBN 1-4021-7278-8. * Olson, Gillia M. Afghanistan. Capstone Press, 2005. ISBN 0-7368-2685-8. * Omrani, Bijan & Leeming, Matthew Afghanistan: A Companion and Guide. Odyssey Publications, 2nd Edition, 2011. ISBN 962-217-816-2. * Reddy, L. R. Inside Afghanistan: end of the Taliban era?. APH Publishing, 2002. ISBN 81-7648-319-2. * Romano, Amy. A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 0-8239-3863-8. * Runion, Meredith L. The history of Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. ISBN 0-313-33798-5. * Wahab, Shaista; Barry Youngerman. A brief history of Afghanistan. Infobase Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-8160-5761-3 * Wood, John . A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus. New Edition, edited by his son, with an essay on the "Geography of the Valley of the Oxus" by Henry Yule. John Murray, London. Gregg Division McGraw-Hill, 1971, ISBN 0-576-03322-7. * Vogelsang, Willem. The Afghans. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. Oxford, UK & Massachusetts, US. ISBN 0-631-19841-5.".
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• History_of_Afghanistan subject Category:History_of_Afghanistan.
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• History_of_Afghanistan comment "The written history of Afghanistan can be traced back to around 500 BCE when the area was under the Achaemenid Empire, although evidence indicates that an advanced degree of urbanized culture has existed in the land since between 3000 and 2000 BCE. Alexander the Great and his Macedonian army arrived in what is now Afghanistan in 330 BCE after conquering Persia during the Battle of Gaugamela.".
• History_of_Afghanistan label "Geschichte Afghanistans".
• History_of_Afghanistan label "Geschiedenis van Afghanistan".
• History_of_Afghanistan label "Histoire de l'Afghanistan".
• History_of_Afghanistan label "Historia Afganistanu".
• History_of_Afghanistan label "Historia de Afganistán".
• History_of_Afghanistan label "History of Afghanistan".
• History_of_Afghanistan label "História do Afeganistão".
• History_of_Afghanistan label "Storia dell'Afghanistan".
• History_of_Afghanistan label "История Афганистана".
• History_of_Afghanistan label "تاريخ أفغانستان".
• History_of_Afghanistan label "アフガニスタンの歴史".
• History_of_Afghanistan label "阿富汗历史".
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs Dějiny_Afghánistánu.
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs Geschichte_Afghanistans.
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs Historia_de_Afganistán.
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs Histoire_de_l'Afghanistan.
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs Storia_dell'Afghanistan.
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs アフガニスタンの歴史.
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs 아프가니스탄의_역사.
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs Geschiedenis_van_Afghanistan.
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs Historia_Afganistanu.
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs História_do_Afeganistão.
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs m.0119d0mv.
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs Q188872.
• History_of_Afghanistan sameAs Q188872.
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