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- Ibn_Hawqal abstract "Muḥammad Abū’l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥawqal (Arabic: محمد أبو القاسم بن حوقل, born in Nisibis, Upper Mesopotamia; travelled 943-969 CE) was a 10th-century Muslim Arab writer, geographer, and chronicler. His famous work, written in 977, is called Ṣūrat al-’Arḍ (صورة الارض; "The face of the Earth").The date of his death is not precisely known. On the basis of his writings, he died after 378 H / 988 C.E.What little is known of his life is extrapolated from his book, which was a revision and extension of the Masālik ul-Mamālik of Istakhri (951). That itself was a revised edition of the Ṣuwar al-aqālīm of Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, who wrote about 921.Ibn Hawqal was clearly more than an editor; he was a traveler who spent much of his time writing about the areas and things he had seen. He spent the last 30 years of his life traveling to remote parts of Asia and Africa. One of his travels brought him 20° south of the equator along the East African coast. One of the things he noticed was that there were large numbers of people living in areas that the Greeks, working from logic rather than experience, said must be uninhabitable.His descriptions were, at the time, considered to be accurate and very helpful to travellers. Ṣūrat al-’Arḍ included a detailed description of Muslim-held Spain, Italy and particularly Sicily. Ibn Hawqal recorded that the area of Fraxinet (La Garde-Freinet) was richly cultivated by its Muslim inhabitants, and they have been credited with a number of agricultural and fishing innovations for the region. The difficulty with using Ibn Hawqal as a primary source is that he writes in the 'roots and realms' genre, and there are instances of 10th century humour in his account of Sicily during the Kalbid-Fatimid dynasty. In doing this he frequently exaggerates; he depicts the Christian population of Palermo as being uncivilised and barbaric.He also mentions the "Lands of the Romans," the term used by the Muslim world to describe the Byzantine Empire. In it, among other things, he describes his first-hand observation that 360 languages are spoken in the Caucasus, with Azeri and Persian languages being used as Lingua Franca across the Caucasus, he also gives a description of Kiev, and is said to have mentioned the route of the Volga Bulgars and the Khazars, perhaps by Sviatoslav I of Kiev. He also mentions and published a cartographic map of Sindh, he mentions the geography and culture of Sindh and the Indus River.Ibn Hauqal's work was published by M. J. de Goeie (Leiden, 1873). An anonymous epitome of the book was written in 1233.".
- Ibn_Hawqal birthDate "0943".
- Ibn_Hawqal birthPlace Nusaybin.
- Ibn_Hawqal birthYear "0943".
- Ibn_Hawqal deathDate "0969".
- Ibn_Hawqal deathYear "0969".
- Ibn_Hawqal thumbnail Ibn_Howqal_World_map.jpg?width=300.
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- Ibn_Hawqal birthPlace Nusaybin.
- Ibn_Hawqal dateOfBirth "943".
- Ibn_Hawqal dateOfDeath "969".
- Ibn_Hawqal deathDate "988".
- Ibn_Hawqal era Islamic_Golden_Age.
- Ibn_Hawqal hasPhotoCollection Ibn_Hawqal.
- Ibn_Hawqal influences Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi.
- Ibn_Hawqal mainInterests Geography_and_cartography_in_medieval_Islam.
- Ibn_Hawqal majorWorks "Ṣūrat al-’Arḍ".
- Ibn_Hawqal name "Ibn Hawqal".
- Ibn_Hawqal placeOfBirth Nusaybin.
- Ibn_Hawqal region Muslim_world.
- Ibn_Hawqal schoolTradition Balkhi_school.
- Ibn_Hawqal shortDescription "Muslim geographer and chronicler".
- Ibn_Hawqal description "Muslim geographer and chronicler".
- Ibn_Hawqal description "Muslim geographer and chronicler".
- Ibn_Hawqal subject Category:10th-century_Iraqi_people.
- Ibn_Hawqal subject Category:10th-century_geographers.
- Ibn_Hawqal subject Category:10th-century_writers.
- Ibn_Hawqal subject Category:943_births.
- Ibn_Hawqal subject Category:969_deaths.
- Ibn_Hawqal subject Category:Balkhi_school.
- Ibn_Hawqal subject Category:Geographers_of_medieval_Islam.
- Ibn_Hawqal subject Category:Iraqi_Shia_Muslims.
- Ibn_Hawqal subject Category:Medieval_Iraqi_geographers.
- Ibn_Hawqal subject Category:Medieval_Islamic_travel_writers.
- Ibn_Hawqal subject Category:People_from_Baghdad.
- Ibn_Hawqal type 10th-centuryGeographers.
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- Ibn_Hawqal comment "Muḥammad Abū’l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥawqal (Arabic: محمد أبو القاسم بن حوقل, born in Nisibis, Upper Mesopotamia; travelled 943-969 CE) was a 10th-century Muslim Arab writer, geographer, and chronicler. His famous work, written in 977, is called Ṣūrat al-’Arḍ (صورة الارض; "The face of the Earth").The date of his death is not precisely known.".
- Ibn_Hawqal label "Ibn Haukal".
- Ibn_Hawqal label "Ibn Hauqal".
- Ibn_Hawqal label "Ibn Hauqal".
- Ibn_Hawqal label "Ibn Hawqal".
- Ibn_Hawqal label "Ibn Hawqal".
- Ibn_Hawqal label "Ibn Hawqal".
- Ibn_Hawqal label "Ibn Hawqal".
- Ibn_Hawqal label "Ибн-Хаукаль".
- Ibn_Hawqal label "ابن حوقل".
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- Ibn_Hawqal depiction Ibn_Howqal_World_map.jpg.
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- Ibn_Hawqal name "Ibn Hawqal".