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- Initialization_vector abstract "In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable (SV) is a fixed-size input to a cryptographic primitive that is typically required to be random or pseudorandom. Randomization is crucial for encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by so-called modes of operation. Randomization is also required for other primitives, such as universal hash functions and message authentication codes based thereon.Some cryptographic primitives require the IV only to be non-repeating, and the required randomness is derived internally. In this case, the IV is commonly called a nonce (number used once), and the primitives are described as stateful as opposed to randomized. This is because the IV need not be explicitly forwarded to a recipient but may be derived from a common state updated at both sender and receiver side. (In practice, a short nonce is still transmitted along with the message to consider message loss.) An example of stateful encryption schemes is the counter mode of operation, which uses a sequence number as a nonce.The size of the IV is dependent on the cryptographic primitive used; for block ciphers, it is generally the cipher's block size. Ideally, for encryption schemes, the unpredictable part of the IV has the same size as the key to compensate time-memory-data trade-off attacks. When the IV is chosen at random, the probability of collisions due to the birthday problem must be taken into account. Traditional stream ciphers such as RC4 do not support an explicit IV as input, and a custom solution for incorporating an IV into the cipher's key or internal state is needed. Some designs realized in practice are known to be insecure; the WEP protocol is a notable example, and is prone to related-IV attacks.".
- Initialization_vector thumbnail Tux_ecb.jpg?width=300.
- Initialization_vector wikiPageID "105971".
- Initialization_vector wikiPageRevisionID "588189059".
- Initialization_vector hasPhotoCollection Initialization_vector.
- Initialization_vector subject Category:Block_cipher_modes_of_operation.
- Initialization_vector subject Category:Cryptography.
- Initialization_vector type Abstraction100002137.
- Initialization_vector type Attribute100024264.
- Initialization_vector type BlockCipherModesOfOperation.
- Initialization_vector type Manner104928903.
- Initialization_vector type Property104916342.
- Initialization_vector comment "In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable (SV) is a fixed-size input to a cryptographic primitive that is typically required to be random or pseudorandom. Randomization is crucial for encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between segments of the encrypted message.".
- Initialization_vector label "Initialisierungsvektor".
- Initialization_vector label "Initialization vector".
- Initialization_vector label "Vecteur d'initialisation".
- Initialization_vector label "Vector de inicialización".
- Initialization_vector label "Vettore di inizializzazione".
- Initialization_vector label "初始向量".
- Initialization_vector label "初期化ベクトル".
- Initialization_vector sameAs Initialisierungsvektor.
- Initialization_vector sameAs Vector_de_inicialización.
- Initialization_vector sameAs Vecteur_d'initialisation.
- Initialization_vector sameAs Vettore_di_inizializzazione.
- Initialization_vector sameAs 初期化ベクトル.
- Initialization_vector sameAs 초기화_벡터.
- Initialization_vector sameAs m.0qkkt.
- Initialization_vector sameAs Q1663550.
- Initialization_vector sameAs Q1663550.
- Initialization_vector sameAs Initialization_vector.
- Initialization_vector wasDerivedFrom Initialization_vector?oldid=588189059.
- Initialization_vector depiction Tux_ecb.jpg.
- Initialization_vector isPrimaryTopicOf Initialization_vector.
