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- Internal_energy abstract "In thermodynamics, the internal energy is one of the two cardinal state functions of the state variables of a thermodynamic system. It refers to energy contained within the system, and excludes kinetic energy of motion of the system as a whole, and the potential energy of the system as a whole due to external force fields. It keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system.The internal energy of a system can be changed by (1) heating the system, or (2) by doing work on it, or (3) by adding or taking away matter. When matter transfer is prevented by impermeable walls containing the system, it said to be closed. Then the first law of thermodynamics states that the increase in internal energy is equal to the total heat added and work done on the system by the surroundings. If the containing walls pass neither matter nor energy, the system is said to be isolated. Then its internal energy cannot change.The internal energy of a given state a system cannot be directly measured. It is determined through some convenient chain of thermodynamic operations and thermodynamic processes by which the given state can be prepared, starting with a reference state which is customarily assigned a reference value for its internal energy. Such a chain, or path, can be theoretically described by certain extensive state variables of the system, namely, its entropy, S, its volume, V, and its mole numbers, {Nj}. The internal energy, U(S,V,{Nj}), is a function of those. Sometimes that list is added to by other extensive state variables, for example electric dipole moment. For practical considerations in thermodynamics and engineering it is rarely necessary or convenient to consider all energies belonging to the total intrinsic energy of a system, such as the energy given by the equivalence of mass. Typically, descriptions only include components relevant to the system under study. Thermodynamics is chiefly concerned only with changes in the internal energy.The internal energy is a state function of a system, because its value depends only on the current state of the system and not on the path taken or processes undergone to prepare it. It is an extensive quantity. It is the cardinal thermodynamic potential. Through it, by use of Legendre transforms, are mathematically constructed the other thermodynamic potentials. These are functions of variable lists in which some extensive variables are replaced by their conjugate intensive variables. Legendre transformation is necessary because mere substitutive replacement of extensive variables by intensive variables does not lead to thermodynamic potentials. The other cardinal function of state of a thermodynamic system is its entropy, as a function, S(U,V,{Nj}), of the same list of extensive variables of state, except that the entropy, S, is replaced in the list by the internal energy, U.Though it is a macroscopic quantity, internal energy can be explained in microscopic terms by two theoretical virtual components. One is the microscopic kinetic energy due to the microscopic motion of the system's particles (translations, rotations, vibrations). The other is the potential energy associated with the microscopic forces, including the chemical bonds, between the particles, and with the static rest mass energy of the constituents of matter. There is no simple universal relation between these quantities of microscopic energy and the quantities of energy gained or lost by the system in work, heat, or matter transfer.The SI unit of energy is the joule (J). Sometimes it is convenient to use a corresponding density called specific internal energy which is internal energy per unit of mass (kilogram) of the system in question. The SI unit of specific internal energy is J/kg. If intensive internal energy is expressed relative to units of amount of substance (mol), then it is referred to as molar internal energy and the unit is J/mol.From the standpoint of statistical mechanics, the internal energy is equal to the ensemble average of the total energy of the system.".
- Internal_energy wikiPageExternalLink 7308x1349.pdf.
- Internal_energy wikiPageID "340757".
- Internal_energy wikiPageRevisionID "606093242".
- Internal_energy basequantities "m2*kg/s2".
- Internal_energy border "1".
- Internal_energy hasPhotoCollection Internal_energy.
- Internal_energy name "Internal energy".
- Internal_energy symbols "U".
- Internal_energy title "Derivation of dU in terms of dT and dP".
- Internal_energy title "Derivation of dU in terms of dT and dV".
- Internal_energy title "Proof of pressure independence for an ideal gas".
- Internal_energy unit Joule.
- Internal_energy subject Category:Concepts_in_physics.
- Internal_energy subject Category:Energy_(physics).
- Internal_energy subject Category:State_functions.
- Internal_energy subject Category:Statistical_mechanics.
- Internal_energy subject Category:Thermodynamics.
- Internal_energy type Abstraction100002137.
- Internal_energy type Cognition100023271.
- Internal_energy type Concept105835747.
- Internal_energy type Content105809192.
- Internal_energy type Function113783816.
- Internal_energy type FundamentalPhysicsConcepts.
- Internal_energy type Idea105833840.
- Internal_energy type MathematicalRelation113783581.
- Internal_energy type PsychologicalFeature100023100.
- Internal_energy type Relation100031921.
- Internal_energy type StateFunctions.
- Internal_energy comment "In thermodynamics, the internal energy is one of the two cardinal state functions of the state variables of a thermodynamic system. It refers to energy contained within the system, and excludes kinetic energy of motion of the system as a whole, and the potential energy of the system as a whole due to external force fields.".
- Internal_energy label "Energia interna".
- Internal_energy label "Energia interna".
- Internal_energy label "Energia wewnętrzna".
- Internal_energy label "Energía interna".
- Internal_energy label "Innere Energie".
- Internal_energy label "Internal energy".
- Internal_energy label "Inwendige energie".
- Internal_energy label "Énergie interne".
- Internal_energy label "Внутренняя энергия".
- Internal_energy label "طاقة داخلية".
- Internal_energy label "内能".
- Internal_energy label "内部エネルギー".
- Internal_energy sameAs Vnitřní_energie.
- Internal_energy sameAs Innere_Energie.
- Internal_energy sameAs Εσωτερική_ενέργεια.
- Internal_energy sameAs Energía_interna.
- Internal_energy sameAs Barne_energia.
- Internal_energy sameAs Énergie_interne.
- Internal_energy sameAs Energi_dalam.
- Internal_energy sameAs Energia_interna.
- Internal_energy sameAs 内部エネルギー.
- Internal_energy sameAs Inwendige_energie.
- Internal_energy sameAs Energia_wewnętrzna.
- Internal_energy sameAs Energia_interna.
- Internal_energy sameAs m.01y147.
- Internal_energy sameAs Q180241.
- Internal_energy sameAs Q180241.
- Internal_energy sameAs Internal_energy.
- Internal_energy wasDerivedFrom Internal_energy?oldid=606093242.
- Internal_energy isPrimaryTopicOf Internal_energy.