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Lebanese_Civil_War abstract "The Lebanese Civil War (Arabic: الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية‎ - Al-Ḥarb al-Ahliyyah al-Libnāniyyah) was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon, lasting from 1975 to 1990 and resulting in an estimated 120,000 fatalities. Today, approximately 76,000 people remain displaced within Lebanon. There was also a mass exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon as a result of the war.Before the war, Lebanon was multisectarian, with Sunnis dominating the coasts, Shias dominating the south, while the government of Lebanon had been dominated by Maronite Christians. The link between politics and religion had been reinforced under the mandate of the French colonial powers from 1920 to 1943, and the parliamentary structure favored a leading position for the Christians. However, the country had a large Muslim population and many pan-Arabist and Left Wing groups which opposed the pro-western government. The establishment of the state of Israel and the displacement of a hundred thousand Palestinian refugees to Lebanon changed the demographic balance in favor of the Muslim population. The Cold War had a powerful disintegrative effect on Lebanon, which was closely linked to the polarization that preceded the 1958 political crisis, since Maronites sided with the West while Left Wing and pan-Arab groups sided with Soviet aligned Arab countries.The militarization of the Palestinian refugee population, with the arrival of the PLO forces after their expulsion from Jordan during Black September, sparked an arms race amongst the different Lebanese political factions[citation needed] and provided a foundation for the long-term involvement of Lebanon in regional conflicts. Fighting between Maronite and Palestinian forces began in 1975, and Left Wing, pan-Arabist and Muslim Lebanese groups later allied themselves with the Palestinians. During the course of the fighting, alliances shifted rapidly and unpredictably: by the end of the war, nearly every party had allied with and subsequently betrayed every other party at least once.[citation needed] Furthermore, foreign powers, such as Israel and Syria, meddled in the war and fought alongside different factions. Peace keeping forces, such as the Multinational Force in Lebanon and UNIFIL, were also stationed in Lebanon.The Taif Agreement of 1989 marked the beginning of the end of the fighting. In January 1989, a committee appointed by the Arab League began to formulate solutions to the conflict. In March 1991, parliament passed an amnesty law that pardoned all political crimes prior to its enactment. In May 1991, the militias were dissolved, with the exception of Hezbollah and the Lebanese Armed Forces began to slowly rebuild themselves as Lebanon's only major non-sectarian institutions. Tensions between Sunnis and Shias remained after the war.".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "( (from 1985)".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "(from 1978)".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "----".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "22px|border SLA (from 1976)".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "23px PLO".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "Amal Movement".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "Arab Deterrent Force (1976–1983)".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "France".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "Hezbollah".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "Islamic Unification Movement (from 1982)".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "LAF".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "LF".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "LNM (until 1982)".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "LNRF (from 1982)".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "Marada Brigades (left LF in 1978; aligned with Syria)".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "Multinational Force in Lebanon (1982–1984)".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "Syria (1976, and from 1983)".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "Tigers Militia (until 1980)".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "UNIFIL (from 1978)".
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Abbas_al-Musawi.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Ali_Eid.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Amine_Gemayel.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Antoine_Lahad.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Ariel_Sharon.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Bachir_Gemayel.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Communist_Action_Organization_in_Lebanon.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Dany_Chamoun.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Elias_Atallah.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Emmanuel_Erskine.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Etienne_Saqr.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander George_Habash.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander George_Hawi.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Georges_Adwan.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Gustav_H%C3%A4gglund.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Hafez_al-Assad.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Ibrahim_Kulaylat.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Kamal_Jumblatt.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Menachem_Begin.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Michel_Aoun.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Mustafa_Tlass.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Nabih_Berri.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Saad_Haddad.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Samir_Geagea.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Suleiman_Frangieh.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Tony_Frangieh.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Walid_Jumblatt.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander William_Hawi.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander William_O'Callaghan_(Irish_Army_officer).
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Yasser_Arafat.
Lebanese_Civil_War date "1975-04-13".
Lebanese_Civil_War date "2005-04-30".
Lebanese_Civil_War notes "120,000–150,000 people killed".
Lebanese_Civil_War place Lebanon.
Lebanese_Civil_War result "**Christian 6:5 ascendancy replaced by 1:1 representation".
Lebanese_Civil_War result "**Muslim prime-ministerial powers strengthened".
Lebanese_Civil_War result "*Israeli occupation of South Lebanon".
Lebanese_Civil_War result "*PLO expulsion from Lebanon".
Lebanese_Civil_War result "*Syrian occupation of most of Lebanon".
Lebanese_Civil_War result "*Taif Agreement".
Lebanese_Civil_War thumbnail Martyrs_Square_1982.jpg?width=300.
Lebanese_Civil_War wikiPageExternalLink conflict-resolution.html.
Lebanese_Civil_War wikiPageExternalLink sans-titre-untitled.
Lebanese_Civil_War wikiPageExternalLink gallery.
Lebanese_Civil_War wikiPageExternalLink liberty05.com.
Lebanese_Civil_War wikiPageExternalLink lebwar.
Lebanese_Civil_War wikiPageExternalLink contents.htm.
Lebanese_Civil_War wikiPageExternalLink cia-esau-49.pdf.
Lebanese_Civil_War wikiPageExternalLink civwr1.htm.
Lebanese_Civil_War wikiPageExternalLink 0,9171,907221,00.html?iid=chix-sphere.
Lebanese_Civil_War wikiPageExternalLink beyrut3.shtml.
Lebanese_Civil_War wikiPageID "312905".
Lebanese_Civil_War wikiPageRevisionID "606609785".
Lebanese_Civil_War caption "The Martyr's Square statue in Beirut, 1982, during the civil war".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "( ) ---- Islamic Unification Movement".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "---- Tigers Militia ---- Marada Brigades".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "22".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "23".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "France ---- Arab Deterrent Force".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "LAF".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "LF".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "LNM".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "LNRF".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "Multinational Force in Lebanon".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "Syria (1976, and from 1983)".
Lebanese_Civil_War combatant "UNIFIL".
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Ali_Eid.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Etienne_Saqr.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander Suleiman_Frangieh.
Lebanese_Civil_War commander "---- Tony Frangieh".
Lebanese_Civil_War commander "22".
Lebanese_Civil_War commander "Abdallah Saadeh".
Lebanese_Civil_War commander "Amine Gemayel".
Lebanese_Civil_War commander "Ariel Sharon ---- Dany Chamoun".
Lebanese_Civil_War commander "Bachir Gemayel".
Lebanese_Civil_War commander "Elias Atallah".
Lebanese_Civil_War commander "Emmanuel A. Erskine".
Lebanese_Civil_War commander "George Habash ---- Nabih Berri ---- Abbas al-Musawi ---- Said Shaaban".
Lebanese_Civil_War commander "George Hawi".
Lebanese_Civil_War commander "Gustav Hägglund".