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• Manhattan_Project abstract "The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District; "Manhattan" gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project. Along the way, the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart, Tube Alloys. The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939, but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US$2 billion (about $26 billion in 2014 dollars). Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and producing the fissile materials, with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons. Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada.Two types of atomic bomb were developed during the war. A relatively simple gun-type fission weapon was made using uranium-235, an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium. Since it is chemically identical to the most common isotope, uranium-238, and has almost the same mass, it proved difficult to separate. Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment: electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Most of this work was performed at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium. Reactors were constructed at Oak Ridge and Hanford, Washington, in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium. The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium. The gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium so a more complex implosion-type weapon was developed in a concerted design and construction effort at the project's principal research and design laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico.The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear energy project. Through Operation Alsos, Manhattan Project personnel served in Europe, sometimes behind enemy lines, where they gathered nuclear materials and documents, and rounded up German scientists.The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion-type bomb at the Trinity test, conducted at New Mexico's Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945. Little Boy, a gun-type weapon, and the implosion-type Fat Man were used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. In the immediate postwar years, the Manhattan Project conducted weapons testing at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads, developed new weapons, promoted the development of the network of national laboratories, supported medical research into radiology and laid the foundations for the nuclear navy. It maintained control over American atomic weapons research and production until the formation of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in January 1947.The Manhattan Project operated under a blanket of tight security, but Soviet atomic spies still penetrated the program.".
• Manhattan_Project activeYearsEndYear "1946".
• Manhattan_Project activeYearsStartYear "1942".
• Manhattan_Project anniversary "1942-08-13".
• Manhattan_Project battle Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki.
• Manhattan_Project battle Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II).
• Manhattan_Project battle Occupation_of_Japan.
• Manhattan_Project battle Operation_Overlord.
• Manhattan_Project battle Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany.
• Manhattan_Project disbanded "1947-08-15".
• Manhattan_Project garrison Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee.
• Manhattan_Project garrison Tennessee.
• Manhattan_Project identificationSymbol "110px|center|alt=Circular shaped emblem with the words "Manhattan Project" at the top, and a large "A" in the center with the word "bomb" below it, surmounting the US Army Corps of Engineers' castle emblem".
• Manhattan_Project identificationSymbol "110px|center|alt=Oval shaped shoulder patch with a deep blue background. At the top is a red circle and blue star, the patch of the Army Service Forces. It is surrounded by a white oval, representing a mushroom cloud. Below it is a white lightning bolt cracking a yellow circle, representing an atom.".
• Manhattan_Project militaryBranch United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers.
• Manhattan_Project notableCommander Kenneth_Nichols.
• Manhattan_Project thumbnail Trinity_shot_color.jpg?width=300.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink adv_rst.aspx?keyword=Manhattan.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink 0206076.pdf.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink getfile?07-16.pdf.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink www.atomicheritage.org.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink MANHATTN.HTM.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink HISTORY_OF_THE_DAYTON_PROJECT.pdf.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink index.htm.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink CMH_Pub_10-5.pdf.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink CMH_Pub_11-10.pdf.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink history.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink MALK_Gallery_01.htm.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink history.shtml.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink manhattan.html.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink manhattan_story.html.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageExternalLink LANLMDHProjectYPart1.pdf.
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageID "19603".
• Manhattan_Project wikiPageRevisionID "606751804".
• Manhattan_Project anniversaries "1942-08-13".
• Manhattan_Project b "y".
• Manhattan_Project bSearch "US History/World War II and Rise of Atomic Age".
• Manhattan_Project battles "* Allied Invasion of Italy * Allied invasion of France * Allied invasion of Germany * Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki * Allied occupation of Japan".
• Manhattan_Project branch United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers.
• Manhattan_Project caption "The Manhattan Project created the first nuclear bombs.".
• Manhattan_Project caption "The Trinity test is shown.".
• Manhattan_Project commons "y".
• Manhattan_Project dates "1942".
• Manhattan_Project disbanded "1947-08-15".
• Manhattan_Project garrison "Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.".
• Manhattan_Project hasPhotoCollection Manhattan_Project.
• Manhattan_Project identificationSymbol "110".
• Manhattan_Project identificationSymbol2Label "Manhattan Project emblem".
• Manhattan_Project identificationSymbolLabel "Shoulder patch that was adopted in 1945 for the Manhattan District".
• Manhattan_Project notableCommanders Kenneth_Nichols.
• Manhattan_Project portal "History of science".
• Manhattan_Project portal "New Mexico".
• Manhattan_Project portal "Nuclear technology".
• Manhattan_Project portal "Physics".
• Manhattan_Project portal "United States".
• Manhattan_Project portal "Weapons of mass destruction".
• Manhattan_Project portal "World War II".
• Manhattan_Project unitName "Manhattan District".
• Manhattan_Project subject Category:1942_establishments_in_the_United_States.
• Manhattan_Project subject Category:Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki.
• Manhattan_Project subject Category:Code_names.
• Manhattan_Project subject Category:Manhattan_Project.
• Manhattan_Project subject Category:Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II.
• Manhattan_Project subject Category:Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II.
• Manhattan_Project subject Category:Military_projects.
• Manhattan_Project subject Category:Nuclear_history_of_the_United_States.
• Manhattan_Project subject Category:Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States.
• Manhattan_Project subject Category:Nuclear_weapons_program_of_the_United_States.
• Manhattan_Project subject Category:Projects_established_in_1942.
• Manhattan_Project subject Category:Secret_military_programs.
• Manhattan_Project type Abstraction100002137.
• Manhattan_Project type Act100030358.
• Manhattan_Project type Activity100407535.
• Manhattan_Project type AtomicBombingsOfHiroshimaAndNagasaki.
• Manhattan_Project type Attack100972621.
• Manhattan_Project type Bombing100978413.
• Manhattan_Project type Cognition100023271.
• Manhattan_Project type Content105809192.
• Manhattan_Project type Event100029378.
• Manhattan_Project type Idea105833840.
• Manhattan_Project type MilitaryProjects.
• Manhattan_Project type Operation100955060.
• Manhattan_Project type Plan105898568.
• Manhattan_Project type PsychologicalFeature100023100.
• Manhattan_Project type SecretMilitaryPrograms.
• Manhattan_Project type Undertaking100795720.
• Manhattan_Project type Work100575741.
• Manhattan_Project type YagoPermanentlyLocatedEntity.
• Manhattan_Project type Agent.
• Manhattan_Project type MilitaryUnit.
• Manhattan_Project type Organisation.
• Manhattan_Project type Organization.
• Manhattan_Project type Organization.
• Manhattan_Project type Troop_MilitaryUnit.
• Manhattan_Project type Agent.
• Manhattan_Project type SocialPerson.
• Manhattan_Project type Thing.
• Manhattan_Project comment "The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.".
• Manhattan_Project label "Manhattan Engineering District".
• Manhattan_Project label "Manhattan Project".

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