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- Mirror_box abstract "A mirror box is a box with two mirrors in the center (one facing each way), invented by Vilayanur S. Ramachandran to help alleviate phantom limb pain, in which patients feel they still have a limb after having it amputated. In a mirror box the patient places the good limb into one side, and the stump into the other. The patient then looks into the mirror on the side with good limb and makes "mirror symmetric" movements, as a symphony conductor might, or as we do when we clap our hands. Because the subject is seeing the reflected image of the good hand moving, it appears as if the phantom limb is also moving. Through the use of this artificial visual feedback it becomes possible for the patient to "move" the phantom limb, and to unclench it from potentially painful positions. Based on the observation that phantom limb patients were much more likely to report paralyzed and painful phantoms if the actual limb had been paralyzed prior to amputation (for example, due to a brachial plexus avulsion), Ramachandran and Rogers-Ramachandran proposed the "learned paralysis" hypothesis of painful phantom limbs (Ramachandran & Blakeslee 1998). Their hypothesis was that every time the patient attempted to move the paralyzed limb, they received sensory feedback (through vision and proprioception) that the limb did not move. This feedback stamped itself into the brain circuitry through a process of Hebbian learning, so that, even when the limb was no longer present, the brain had learned that the limb (and subsequent phantom) was paralyzed.Ramachandran's theory was challenged by a 2010 research study conducted by Marian Michielsen of the University Medical Center, Rotterdam. Michielsen carried out research involving 22 stroke victims which suggests that mirror therapy works by enhancing the spatial coupling between limbs. Michielsen stated that "The hypothesis that the mirror illusion enhances spatial coupling is supported by studies on healthy volunteers, showing that the mirror illusion increased the tendency of one limb to take on the spatial properties of the other limb.(Michielsen et al. 2010)".
- Mirror_box thumbnail Mirror-box-comic.jpg?width=300.
- Mirror_box wikiPageExternalLink Phantom-limb-pain-and-bodily-awareness.pd.
- Mirror_box wikiPageExternalLink Diers%20et%20al._2010.pdf.
- Mirror_box wikiPageExternalLink 8179429.stm.
- Mirror_box wikiPageExternalLink PEER_stage2_10.1136%252Fjnnp.2009.194134.pdf.
- Mirror_box wikiPageExternalLink Percpt_Phantom_Limbs_Brain.pdf.
- Mirror_box wikiPageExternalLink Synsth_Phant_Lmb_P_Roy_Soc.pdf.
- Mirror_box wikiPageExternalLink ramabio.html.
- Mirror_box wikiPageExternalLink lecture1.shtml.
- Mirror_box wikiPageExternalLink www.mirrorboxtherapy.com.
- Mirror_box wikiPageExternalLink 080630fa_fact_gawande.
- Mirror_box wikiPageExternalLink pain2008.pdf.
- Mirror_box wikiPageExternalLink 05.
- Mirror_box wikiPageID "1862494".
- Mirror_box wikiPageRevisionID "600817400".
- Mirror_box hasPhotoCollection Mirror_box.
- Mirror_box subject Category:Therapy.
- Mirror_box comment "A mirror box is a box with two mirrors in the center (one facing each way), invented by Vilayanur S. Ramachandran to help alleviate phantom limb pain, in which patients feel they still have a limb after having it amputated. In a mirror box the patient places the good limb into one side, and the stump into the other. The patient then looks into the mirror on the side with good limb and makes "mirror symmetric" movements, as a symphony conductor might, or as we do when we clap our hands.".
- Mirror_box label "Caja espejo".
- Mirror_box label "Mirror box".
- Mirror_box label "Spiegeltherapie".
- Mirror_box sameAs Spiegeltherapie.
- Mirror_box sameAs Caja_espejo.
- Mirror_box sameAs m.061ymw.
- Mirror_box sameAs Q1657279.
- Mirror_box sameAs Q1657279.
- Mirror_box wasDerivedFrom Mirror_box?oldid=600817400.
- Mirror_box depiction Mirror-box-comic.jpg.
- Mirror_box isPrimaryTopicOf Mirror_box.
