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• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine abstract "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine. It is one of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, in his will. Nobel was personally interested in experimental physiology and wanted to establish a prize for progress through scientific discoveries in laboratories. The Nobel prize is presented to the recipient(s) at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death, along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The front side of the medal provides the same profile of Alfred Nobel as depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; its reverse side is unique to this medal.As of 2011, 102 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 199 men and 10 women. The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil Adolf von Behring, for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria. The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Gerty Cori, received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose, important in many aspects of medicine, including treatment of diabetes. In 2011, the prize was awarded to Bruce Beutler of the United States and Jules A. Hoffmann of France "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" and to Ralph M. Steinman of Canada "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity."Some awards have been controversial. This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal leucotomy, bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment. Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award. The 1952 prize to Selman Waksman was litigated in court, and half the patent rights awarded to his co-discoverer Albert Schatz who was not recognized by the prize. The 1962 prize awarded to James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins for their work on DNA structure and properties did not acknowledge the contributing work from others, such as Oswald Avery and Rosalind Franklin who had died by the time of the nomination. Since the Nobel Prize rules forbid nominations of the deceased, longevity is an asset, one prize being awarded as long as 50 years after the discovery. Also forbidden is awarding any one prize to more than three recipients, and since in the last half century there has been an increasing tendency for scientists to work as teams, this rule has resulted in controversial exclusions.".
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• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine alt "A golden medallion with an embossed image of a bearded man facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text "NAT•" then "MDCCCXXXIII" above, followed by "OB•" then "MDCCCXCVI" below.".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine description "Discoveries in physiology or medicine that led to benefit for mankind".
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• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine location "Solna within the Stockholm urban area".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine name "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine presenter Nobel_Assembly_at_Karolinska_Institutet.
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• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine year "1901".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine subject Category:Karolinska_Institutet.
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• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine comment "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine. It is one of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, in his will.".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine label "Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine label "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine label "Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine label "Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine label "Nobelprijs voor de Fysiologie of Geneeskunde".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine label "Premio Nobel per la medicina".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine label "Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine label "جائزة نوبل في الطب أو علم وظائف الأعضاء".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine label "ノーベル生理学・医学賞".
• Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine label "诺贝尔生理学或医学奖".
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