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- Pebble_game abstract "In mathematics and computer science, a pebble game is a type of mathematical game played by moving "pebbles" or "markers" on a directed graph. A variety of different pebble games exist. A general definition of pebbling is given below. Pebbling is a game that involves placing pebbles on the vertices of a directed acyclic graph G according to certain rules.A given step of the game consists of either placing a pebble on an empty vertex of G or removing a pebble from a previously pebbled vertex.A vertex may be pebbled only if all its predecessors have pebbles. The object of the game is to successively pebble each vertex of G (in any order) subject to the constraint that at most a given number of pebbles are ever on the graph simultaneously. Running time: The trivial solution is to pebble an n-vertex graph in n steps using n pebbles. Hopcroft, Paul and Valiant showed that any vertex of an n-vertex graph can be pebbled with O(n/log n) pebbles where the constant depends on the maximum in-degree. Lipton and Tarjan showed that any n-vertex planar acyclic directed graph with maximum in-degree k can be pebbled using O( √n + k log2 n) pebbles. They also proved that it is possible to obtain a substantial reduction in pebbles while preserving a polynomial bound on the number of pebbling steps with a theorem that any n-vertex planar acyclic directed graph with maximum in-degree k can be pebbled using O(n2/3 +k) pebbles in O(n5/3 ) time. Alon, Seymour and Thomas showed that any n-vertex acyclic digraph with no kh -minor and with maximum in-degree k can be pebbled using O(h3/2 n1/2 +k log n) pebbles. Graph pebbling: A certain number of pebbles are distributed among the vertices of an undirected graph; the goal is to move at least one to a particular target vertex. But to move one pebble to an adjacent vertex, another pebble at the same vertex must be discarded. A game known as "Black Pebbling" was developed in 1970; in it a pebble may be placed at any vertex of an acyclic digraph, provided that all its immediate ancestor vertices are also pebbled. (So an initial vertex with no ancestor can always be pebbled.) Pebbles may also be removed from the graph at will; the goal is to put a pebble on the target vertex while minimizing the number of pebbles in use at any time. Note that it is permitted to place a pebble on one vertex while simultaneously removing one from a parent vertex, effectively sliding the pebble. Hopcroft, Wolfgang J. Paul, and Valiant showed that for graphs with bounded indegree the number of pebbles required never exceeds n/log n for n the number of vertices of the graph. This enabled them to prove that DTIME(f(n)) is contained in DSPACE(f(n)/log f(n)) for all time-constructible f. A extension of "Black Pebbling", known as "Black-White Pebbling" was developed by Stephen Cook and Ravi Sethi in a 1976 paper. It also adds white pebbles, which may be placed at any vertex at will, but can only be removed if all the vertex's immediate descendant vertices are also pebbled. The goal remains to place a black pebble on the target vertex, but the pebbling of adjacent vertices may be done with pebbles of either color. Takumi Kasai et al. developed a game in which a pebble may be moved along an edge-arrow to an unoccupied vertex only if a second pebble is located at a third, control vertex; the goal is to move a pebble to a target vertex. They determined the computational complexity of the one and two player versions of this game, and special cases thereof. In the two-player version, the players take turns moving pebbles. There may also be constraints on which pebbles a player can move. Pebbling may be used to extend Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé games.↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑".
- Pebble_game wikiPageID "22531014".
- Pebble_game wikiPageRevisionID "592759926".
- Pebble_game hasPhotoCollection Pebble_game.
- Pebble_game subject Category:Combinatorial_game_theory.
- Pebble_game subject Category:Computational_complexity_theory.
- Pebble_game comment "In mathematics and computer science, a pebble game is a type of mathematical game played by moving "pebbles" or "markers" on a directed graph. A variety of different pebble games exist. A general definition of pebbling is given below.".
- Pebble_game label "Pebble game".
- Pebble_game sameAs m.05zp6gm.
- Pebble_game sameAs Q7158529.
- Pebble_game sameAs Q7158529.
- Pebble_game wasDerivedFrom Pebble_game?oldid=592759926.
- Pebble_game isPrimaryTopicOf Pebble_game.