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- Plutonium abstract "Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with the symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized. The element normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation states. It reacts with carbon, halogens, nitrogen, silicon and hydrogen. When exposed to moist air, it forms oxides and hydrides that expand the sample up to 70% in volume, which in turn flake off as a powder that can spontaneously ignite. It is radioactive and can accumulate in the bones. These properties make the handling of plutonium dangerous.Plutonium is the heaviest primordial element by virtue of its most stable isotope, plutonium-244, whose half-life of about 80 million years is just long enough for the element to be found in trace quantities in nature. Plutonium is mostly a byproduct of nuclear reactions in reactors where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium.Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Plutonium-240 exhibits a high rate of spontaneous fission, raising the neutron flux of any sample containing it. The presence of plutonium-240 limits a plutonium sample's usability for weapons or its quality as reactor fuel, and the percentage of plutonium-240 determines its grade (weapons grade, fuel grade, or reactor grade).Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 88 years and emits alpha particles. It is a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft. Plutonium isotopes are expensive and inconvenient to separate, so particular isotopes are usually manufactured in specialized reactors.A team led by Glenn T. Seaborg and Edwin McMillan at the University of California, Berkeley, first synthesized plutonium in 1940 by bombarding uranium-238 with deuterons. Trace amounts of plutonium were subsequently discovered in nature. Producing plutonium in useful quantities for the first time was a major part of the Manhattan Project during World War II, which developed the first atomic bombs. The first nuclear test, "Trinity" (July 1945), and the second atomic bomb used to destroy a city (Nagasaki, Japan, in August 1945), "Fat Man", both had cores of plutonium-239. Human radiation experiments studying plutonium were conducted without informed consent, and several criticality accidents, some lethal, occurred during and after the war. Disposal of plutonium waste from nuclear power plants and dismantled nuclear weapons built during the Cold War is a nuclear-proliferation and environmental concern. Other sources of plutonium in the environment are fallout from numerous above-ground nuclear tests (now banned).".
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink Plutonium.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink end-of-plutonium.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink Plutonium.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+plutonium,+radioactive.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink sutcliffe.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink plutonium.htm.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink number26.htm.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink 97-564.htm.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink pu-props.html.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink sutcliffe.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink Plutonium.html.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink world-plutonium-inventories-ong.htm.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink 094.htm.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink element.asp.
- Plutonium wikiPageExternalLink CIIE_plutonium_48kbps_tcm18-121120.MP3.
- Plutonium wikiPageID "7987684".
- Plutonium wikiPageRevisionID "606399210".
- Plutonium hasPhotoCollection Plutonium.
- Plutonium subject Category:Actinides.
- Plutonium subject Category:Carcinogens.
- Plutonium subject Category:Chemical_elements.
- Plutonium subject Category:Manhattan_Project.
- Plutonium subject Category:Nuclear_materials.
- Plutonium subject Category:Plutonium.
- Plutonium subject Category:Synthetic_elements.
- Plutonium comment "Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with the symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized. The element normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation states. It reacts with carbon, halogens, nitrogen, silicon and hydrogen.".
- Plutonium label "Pluton (pierwiastek)".
- Plutonium label "Plutonio".
- Plutonium label "Plutonio".
- Plutonium label "Plutonium".
- Plutonium label "Plutonium".
- Plutonium label "Plutonium".
- Plutonium label "Plutonium".
- Plutonium label "Plutónio".
- Plutonium label "Плутоний".
- Plutonium label "بلوتونيوم".
- Plutonium label "プルトニウム".
- Plutonium label "钚".
- Plutonium sameAs Plutonium.
- Plutonium sameAs Plutonium.
- Plutonium sameAs Πλουτώνιο.
- Plutonium sameAs Plutonio.
- Plutonium sameAs Plutonio.
- Plutonium sameAs Plutonium.
- Plutonium sameAs Plutonium.
- Plutonium sameAs Plutonio.
- Plutonium sameAs プルトニウム.
- Plutonium sameAs 플루토늄.
- Plutonium sameAs Plutonium.
- Plutonium sameAs Pluton_(pierwiastek).
- Plutonium sameAs Plutónio.
- Plutonium sameAs m.026mkzy.
- Plutonium sameAs Q1102.
- Plutonium sameAs Q1102.
- Plutonium wasDerivedFrom Plutonium?oldid=606399210.
- Plutonium isPrimaryTopicOf Plutonium.