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• Qing_dynasty abstract "The Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing1 Ch'ao2; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), also Empire of the Great Qing, Great Qing or Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese nation.The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Northeastern China, historically known as Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhachi, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into "Banners," military-social units and forming a Manchu people. By 1636, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of southern Manchuria and declared a new dynasty, the Qing. In 1644, peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital Beijing. Rather than serve them, Ming general Wu Sangui made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by Prince Dorgon, who defeated the rebels and seized Beijing. The conquest of China proper was not completed until 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722). The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong emperor from the 1750s to the 1790s extended Qing control into Central Asia. While the early rulers maintained Manchu culture, they governed using Confucian styles and institutions of bureaucratic government. They retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work in parallel with Manchus. They also adopted the ideals of the tributary system in international relations.The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline of prosperity and imperial control. Population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy, and ruling elites did not change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system. Following the Opium War, European powers imposed "unequal treaties," free trade, extraterritoriality and treaty ports under foreign control. The Taiping Rebellion (1849–1860) and Muslim uprisings in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people. In spite of these disasters, in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s, Han Chinese elites rallied to the defense of the Confucian order and the Qing rulers. The initial gains in the Self-Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea and the possession of Taiwan. New Armies were organized, but the ambitious Hundred Days Reform of 1898 was turned back by the Empress Dowager Cixi, a ruthless but capable leader. When, in response to the violently anti-foreign Yihetuan ("Boxers"), foreign powers invaded China, the Empress Dowager declared war on them, leading to disastrous defeat.The government then initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformers such as Liang Qichao and monarchists such as Kang Youwei to transform the Qing empire into a modern nation. After the death of the Empress Dowager and the Emperor in 1908, the hardline Manchu court alienated reformers and local elites alike. Local uprisings starting on October 11, 1911 led to the 1911 Revolution. The last emperor abdicated on February 12, 1912.".
• Qing_dynasty anthem Gong_Jin'ou.
• Qing_dynasty capital Beijing.
• Qing_dynasty currency Tael.
• Qing_dynasty dissolutionDate "1912-02-12".
• Qing_dynasty dissolutionYear "1912".
• Qing_dynasty foundingDate "1644-04-25".
• Qing_dynasty foundingYear "1644".
• Qing_dynasty governmentType Absolute_monarchy.
• Qing_dynasty thumbnail Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_1912-1928.svg?width=300.
• Qing_dynasty wikiPageExternalLink china_1950_population.htm.
• Qing_dynasty wikiPageExternalLink v=onepage&q=Dulimbai%20gurun&f=false.
• Qing_dynasty wikiPageExternalLink v=onepage&q=Dulimbai%20gurun&f=false.
• Qing_dynasty wikiPageExternalLink v=onepage&q=Dulimbai%20gurun&f=false.
• Qing_dynasty wikiPageExternalLink v=onepage&q=steppes%20mountains%20rivers%20Dzungar%20unified%20with%20china&f=false.
• Qing_dynasty wikiPageExternalLink v=onepage&q=Dulimbai%20gurun&f=false.
• Qing_dynasty wikiPageExternalLink v=onepage&q=Dulimbai%20gurun&f=false.
• Qing_dynasty wikiPageExternalLink elliott_jas_limits_of_tartary_0.pdf.
• Qing_dynasty wikiPageExternalLink Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf.
• Qing_dynasty wikiPageID "25310".
• Qing_dynasty wikiPageRevisionID "606811457".
• Qing_dynasty altname "(Later Jin)".
• Qing_dynasty altname "Empire of the Great Qing".
• Qing_dynasty c "上三旗".
• Qing_dynasty c "下五旗".
• Qing_dynasty c "內城".
• Qing_dynasty c "外城".
• Qing_dynasty c "禁旅八旗".
• Qing_dynasty capital Beijing.
• Qing_dynasty commonLanguages "Mandarin, Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan, Turki , numerous regional languages and varieties of Chinese".
• Qing_dynasty commonName "Qing dynasty".
• Qing_dynasty continent "Asia".
• Qing_dynasty conventionalLongName "Great Qing".
• Qing_dynasty country "China".
• Qing_dynasty currency Tael.
• Qing_dynasty dateEnd "--02-12".
• Qing_dynasty dateEvent "1".
• Qing_dynasty dateEvent "1644-05-27".
• Qing_dynasty dateEvent "1911-10-10".
• Qing_dynasty dateStart "--04-25".
• Qing_dynasty deputy Yikuang,_Prince_Qing.
• Qing_dynasty deputy Yuan_Shikai.
• Qing_dynasty era History_of_China.
• Qing_dynasty event Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass.
• Qing_dynasty event First_Sino-Japanese_War.
• Qing_dynasty event Wuchang_Uprising.
• Qing_dynasty eventEnd Xinhai_Revolution.
• Qing_dynasty eventStart Fall_of_the_Ming_dynasty.
• Qing_dynasty flag "Flag of the Qing dynasty".
• Qing_dynasty flagS "Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg".
• Qing_dynasty flagType "Flag".
• Qing_dynasty governmentType Absolute_monarchy.
• Qing_dynasty imageFlag "China Qing Dynasty Flag 1889.svg".
• Qing_dynasty imageMap "Empire of the Great Qing .svg".
• Qing_dynasty imageMapCaption "The Qing Empire in 1890.".
• Qing_dynasty j "cing1 ciu4".
• Qing_dynasty j "daai6 cing1 dai3 gwok3".
• Qing_dynasty j "hau6 gam1 ciu4".
• Qing_dynasty latd "39".
• Qing_dynasty latm "54".
• Qing_dynasty latns "N".
• Qing_dynasty leader Puyi.
• Qing_dynasty leader Shunzhi_Emperor.
• Qing_dynasty links "no".
• Qing_dynasty longd "116".
• Qing_dynasty longew "E".
• Qing_dynasty longm "23".
• Qing_dynasty mnc "12".
• Qing_dynasty mnc "45".
• Qing_dynasty nationalAnthem ""Gong Jin'ou"".
• Qing_dynasty nationalAnthem "File:Gong Jin'ou.ogg".
• Qing_dynasty nativeName "20".
• Qing_dynasty p "Dà Qīng Dìguó".
• Qing_dynasty p "Hòu Jīn Cháo".
• Qing_dynasty p "Ming dynasty".
• Qing_dynasty p "Qīng Cháo".
• Qing_dynasty p "Zhōngguó".
• Qing_dynasty p "jìnlǚ bāqí".
• Qing_dynasty p "nèichéng".
• Qing_dynasty p "shàng sān qí".
• Qing_dynasty p "tuányǒng".
• Qing_dynasty p "wàichéng".
• Qing_dynasty p "xià wǔ qí".
• Qing_dynasty p "xiāngyǒng".
• Qing_dynasty p "zhùfáng bāqí".
• Qing_dynasty region "East Asia".
• Qing_dynasty religion Buddhism.
• Qing_dynasty religion Chinese_folk_religion.
• Qing_dynasty religion Confucianism.
• Qing_dynasty religion Heaven_worship.
• Qing_dynasty religion Religion_in_China.
• Qing_dynasty religion Shamanism.
• Qing_dynasty religion Taoism.
• Qing_dynasty representative Empress_Dowager_Longyu.
• Qing_dynasty s "Republic of China".
• Qing_dynasty s "中国".
• Qing_dynasty s "乡勇".
• Qing_dynasty s "团勇".
• Qing_dynasty s "驻防八旗".
• Qing_dynasty statArea "13150000".

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