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• Religion_in_ancient_Rome abstract "The religion of Ancient Rome was polytheistic in origin, in line with religious traditions in wider Iron Age Europe.From an early time, however, the Roman Republic was strongly influenced by Hellenistic Greece, and much of the recorded religion of pre-Christian Rome is a syncretism of indigenous with Hellenistic religion.The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious, and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety (pietas) in maintaining good relations with the gods. According to legendary history, most of Rome's religious institutions could be traced to its founders, particularly Numa Pompilius, the Sabine second king of Rome, who negotiated directly with the gods. This archaic religion was the foundation of the mos maiorum, "the way of the ancestors" or simply "tradition", viewed as central to Roman identity.The word religio itself is of Latin origin, albeit unattested before the 1st century BC, and has an original meaning of "strict or (excessively) scrupulous observance" of the mos maiorum.The priesthoods of public religion were held by members of the elite classes. There was no principle analogous to "separation of church and state" in ancient Rome. During the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), the same men who were elected public officials might also serve as augurs and pontiffs. Priests married, raised families, and led politically active lives. Julius Caesar became Pontifex Maximus before he was elected consul. The augurs read the will of the gods and supervised the marking of boundaries as a reflection of universal order, thus sanctioning Roman expansionism as a matter of divine destiny. The Roman triumph was at its core a religious procession in which the victorious general displayed his piety and his willingness to serve the public good by dedicating a portion of his spoils to the gods, especially Jupiter, who embodied just rule. As a result of the Punic Wars (264–146 BC), when Rome struggled to establish itself as a dominant power, many new temples were built by magistrates in fulfillment of a vow to a deity for assuring their military success.Roman religion was thus practical and contractual, based on the principle of do ut des, "I give that you might give." Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer, ritual, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs. Even the most skeptical among Rome's intellectual elite such as Cicero, who was an augur, saw religion as a source of social order.For ordinary Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family's domestic deities were offered. Neighborhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city. The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances. Women, slaves, and children all participated in a range of religious activities. Some public rituals could be conducted only by women, and women formed what is perhaps Rome's most famous priesthood, the state-supported Vestal Virgins, who tended Rome's sacred hearth for centuries, until disbanded under Christian domination.The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks, adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art. Etruscan religion was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of augury, since Rome had once been ruled by Etruscan kings.Imported mystery religions, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's family rites and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of "magic", conspiracy (coniuratio), and subversive activity. Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity, as with the senate's efforts to restrict the Bacchanals in 186 BC.As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world, their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them, since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability. One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage, building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion. Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side-by-side worship of local and Roman deities, including dedications made by Romans to local gods. By the height of the Empire, numerous international deities were cultivated at Rome and had been carried to even the most remote provinces, among them Cybele, Isis, Epona, and gods of solar monism such as Mithras and Sol Invictus, found as far north as Roman Britain. Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only, religious tolerance was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing monotheistic systems. The monotheistic rigor of Judaism posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions, but sometimes to intractable conflict.In the wake of the Republic's collapse, state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor. So-called "emperor worship" expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius, the divine tutelary of every individual. Its imperial cult became one of the major ways in which Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire. Rejection of the state religion was tantamount to treason. This was the context for Rome's conflict with Christianity, which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio.From the 2nd century onward, the Church Fathers began to condemn the diverse religions practiced throughout the Empire collectively as "pagan." Christianity became a majority religion in the course of the 4th century, and eventually replaced the imperial cult as state religion in 391, initiating the gradual decline of Greco-Roman paganism over the course of the following century.".
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• Religion_in_ancient_Rome subject Category:Ancient_Roman_religion.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome subject Category:Religions_of_the_Greco-Roman_world.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome subject Category:Religious_pluralism.
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• Religion_in_ancient_Rome type ReligionsOfTheGreco-RomanWorld.
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• Religion_in_ancient_Rome comment "The religion of Ancient Rome was polytheistic in origin, in line with religious traditions in wider Iron Age Europe.From an early time, however, the Roman Republic was strongly influenced by Hellenistic Greece, and much of the recorded religion of pre-Christian Rome is a syncretism of indigenous with Hellenistic religion.The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious, and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety (pietas) in maintaining good relations with the gods. ".
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome label "Religia starożytnego Rzymu".
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome label "Religion de la Rome antique".
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome label "Religion in ancient Rome".
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome label "Religione romana".
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome label "Religião na Roma Antiga".
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome label "Religión en la Roma antigua".
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome label "Romeinse religie".
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome label "Römische Religion".
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome label "Древнеримская религия".
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome label "الدين في روما القديمة".
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome label "古羅馬宗教".
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Römische_Religion.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Ρωμαϊκή_θρησκεία.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Religión_en_la_Roma_antigua.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Antzinako_Erromako_erlijioa.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Religion_de_la_Rome_antique.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Agama_di_Romawi_Kuno.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Religione_romana.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Romeinse_religie.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Religia_starożytnego_Rzymu.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Religião_na_Roma_Antiga.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs m.01fgxc.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Q337547.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Q337547.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome sameAs Religion_in_ancient_Rome.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome wasDerivedFrom Religion_in_ancient_Rome?oldid=606307749.
• Religion_in_ancient_Rome depiction Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo.jpg.
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