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- Second_Cairo_Conference abstract "The Second Cairo Conference (codenamed SEXTANT) of December 4–6, 1943, held in Cairo, Egypt, addressed Turkey's possible contribution to the Allies in World War II. The meeting was attended by President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and President İsmet İnönü of the Republic of Turkey.Until 1941, both Roosevelt and Churchill maintained the opinion that Turkey's continuing neutrality would serve the interests of the Allies by blocking the Axis from reaching the strategic oil reserves of the Middle East. But the early victories of the Axis until the end of 1942 caused Roosevelt and Churchill to re-evaluate a possible Turkish participation in the war on the side of the Allies. Turkey had maintained a decently-sized Army and Air Force throughout the war, and especially Churchill wanted the Turks to open a new front in the Balkans. On January 30, 1943, Winston Churchill secretly met with İsmet İnönü inside a train wagon at the Yenice Station, 23 kilometers outside of Adana in Turkey, to discuss the issue.Roosevelt, on the other hand, still believed that a Turkish attack would be too risky and an eventual Turkish failure would have disastrous effects for the Allies.İnönü knew very well the hardships which his country had to suffer during 11 years of incessant war (the Italo-Turkish War, Balkan Wars, First World War and the Turkish War of Independence) between 1911 and 1922, and was determined to keep Turkey out of another war as long as he could. İnönü also wanted assurances on financial and military aid for Turkey, as well as a guarantee that the United States and the United Kingdom would stand beside Turkey in case of a Soviet invasion of the Turkish Straits after the war, as Joseph Stalin had openly expressed. The fear of a Soviet invasion and Stalin's unconcealed desire to control the Turkish Straits eventually caused Turkey to give up its principle of neutrality in foreign relations and join NATO in 1952.Perhaps the biggest reason for Turkey's hesitation to immediately join the war on the side of the Allies was the eventual reduction of the amount of financial and military aid which Churchill had promised in Adana. By December 1943 the Anglo-American authorities felt the overall situation had changed so fundamentally that a much smaller scale of assistance than that provided in the Hardihood Agreement of the spring of 1943 would be necessary. The British proposed a reduced scale of Aid Plan Saturn. The Turks, on the other hand, wished to make certain that upon their entry into the war they would be strong enough to defend their homeland and they doubted that the new plan would fully meet their security needs. Churchill, faced with Operation Overlord only six months away, reluctantly concluded that the resources demanded and the time required for strengthening Turkey could not be conceded. The U.S. Chiefs of Staff and their planners, on the other hand, felt relieved that this possible threat to concentration on Operation Overlord had at last been removed.At the end of the conference, it was decided that Turkey's neutrality should be maintained. It was also decided to build the Incirlik Air Base near Adana for possible Allied air operations in the region, but construction works began after the end of the Second World War. Incirlik Air Base later played an important role for NATO during the Cold War. Another decision was to postpone Operation Anakim against Japan in Burma.Both Roosevelt and İnönü got what they wanted, while Churchill was a bit disappointed, because he believed that an active Turkish participation in the war would quicken the German defeat by hitting their "soft underbelly" in the southeast.Turkey eventually joined the war on the side of the Allies on 23 February 1945, after it was announced at the Yalta Conference that only the states which were formally at war with Germany and Japan by 1 March 1945 would be admitted to the United Nations. However, Turkey didn't directly participate in a military conflict; limiting its participation to providing materials and supplies for the Allies, and imposing political and economic sanctions on the Axis states.".
- Second_Cairo_Conference thumbnail Roosevelt_Inönü_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg?width=300.
- Second_Cairo_Conference wikiPageExternalLink battle_spec.php?battle_id=142.
- Second_Cairo_Conference wikiPageExternalLink 70-7_10.htm.
- Second_Cairo_Conference wikiPageExternalLink chapter16.htm.
- Second_Cairo_Conference wikiPageID "7534287".
- Second_Cairo_Conference wikiPageRevisionID "590455970".
- Second_Cairo_Conference hasPhotoCollection Second_Cairo_Conference.
- Second_Cairo_Conference subject Category:1943_conferences.
- Second_Cairo_Conference subject Category:1943_in_Egypt.
- Second_Cairo_Conference subject Category:1943_in_international_relations.
- Second_Cairo_Conference subject Category:20th_century_in_Cairo.
- Second_Cairo_Conference subject Category:Conferences_in_Cairo.
- Second_Cairo_Conference subject Category:Diplomatic_conferences_in_Egypt.
- Second_Cairo_Conference subject Category:History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey.
- Second_Cairo_Conference subject Category:Turkey–United_Kingdom_relations.
- Second_Cairo_Conference subject Category:Turkey–United_States_relations.
- Second_Cairo_Conference subject Category:World_War_II_conferences.
- Second_Cairo_Conference subject Category:İsmet_İnönü.
- Second_Cairo_Conference type 1943Conferences.
- Second_Cairo_Conference type Abstraction100002137.
- Second_Cairo_Conference type Conference108308497.
- Second_Cairo_Conference type DiplomaticConferencesInEgypt.
- Second_Cairo_Conference type Gathering107975026.
- Second_Cairo_Conference type Group100031264.
- Second_Cairo_Conference type Meeting108307589.
- Second_Cairo_Conference type SocialGroup107950920.
- Second_Cairo_Conference type WorldWarIIConferences.
- Second_Cairo_Conference comment "The Second Cairo Conference (codenamed SEXTANT) of December 4–6, 1943, held in Cairo, Egypt, addressed Turkey's possible contribution to the Allies in World War II.".
- Second_Cairo_Conference label "II konferencja kairska".
- Second_Cairo_Conference label "Second Cairo Conference".
- Second_Cairo_Conference sameAs II_konferencja_kairska.
- Second_Cairo_Conference sameAs m.0264n18.
- Second_Cairo_Conference sameAs Q4356222.
- Second_Cairo_Conference sameAs Q4356222.
- Second_Cairo_Conference sameAs Second_Cairo_Conference.
- Second_Cairo_Conference wasDerivedFrom Second_Cairo_Conference?oldid=590455970.
- Second_Cairo_Conference depiction Roosevelt_Inönü_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg.
- Second_Cairo_Conference isPrimaryTopicOf Second_Cairo_Conference.
