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- Soviet_Union abstract "The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik) abbreviated to USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR) or the Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovetskij Soyuz), was a socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed between 1922 and 1991, governed as a single-party state by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized.The Soviet Union had its roots in the Russian Revolution of 1917, which deposed the imperial autocracy. The majority faction of the Social Democratic Labour Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, then led a second revolution which overthrew the provisional government and established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, beginning a civil war between pro-revolution Reds and counter-revolution Whites. The Red Army entered several territories of the former Russian Empire and organized workers and peasants into soviets under Communist leadership. In 1922, the Communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism and initiated a centrally planned economy. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialisation and collectivisation which laid the basis for its later war effort and dominance after World War II. In the wake of the spread of fascism through Europe, Stalin repressed both Communist Party members and elements of the population by creating an atmosphere of political paranoia and establishing a system of correctional labour camps.In the beginning of World War II, the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, initially avoiding confrontation, but the treaty was disregarded in 1941 when the Nazis invaded, opening the largest and bloodiest theatre of combat in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the cost of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually drove through Eastern Europe and captured Berlin in 1945, inflicting the vast majority of German losses. Soviet occupied territory conquered from Axis forces in Central and Eastern Europe became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. Ideological and political differences with Western Bloc counterparts directed by the United States led to the forming of economic and military pacts, culminating in the prolonged Cold War.A de-Stalinization period followed Stalin's death, reducing the harshest aspects of society. The Soviet Union then went on to initiate significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including launching the first ever satellite and world's first human spaceflight, which led it into the Space Race. The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis marked a period of extreme tension between the two superpowers, considered the closest to a mutual nuclear confrontation. In the 1970s, a relaxation of relations followed, but tensions resumed with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The occupation drained economic resources and dragged on without achieving meaningful political results.In the late 1980s the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform the Union and move it in the direction of Nordic-style social democracy, introducing the policies of glasnost and perestroika in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and democratize the government. However, this led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements. Central authorities initiated a referendum, boycotted by the Baltic republics and Georgia, which resulted in the majority of participating citizens voting in favour of preserving the Union as a renewed federation. In August 1991, a coup d'état was attempted by hardliners against Gorbachev, with the intention of reversing his policies. The coup failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a high-profile role in facing down the coup, resulting in the banning of the Communist Party. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation (formerly the Russian SFSR) assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognised as its continued legal personality.".
- Soviet_Union anthem National_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union.
- Soviet_Union anthem The_Internationale.
- Soviet_Union capital Moscow.
- Soviet_Union currency Soviet_ruble.
- Soviet_Union demonym "Soviet".
- Soviet_Union dissolutionDate "1991-12-26".
- Soviet_Union dissolutionYear "1991".
- Soviet_Union foundingDate "1922-12-30".
- Soviet_Union foundingYear "1922".
- Soviet_Union governmentType Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism.
- Soviet_Union governmentType Political_union.
- Soviet_Union largestCity Moscow.
- Soviet_Union motto "(Translit.: Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes'!)".
- Soviet_Union motto "English: Workers of the world, unite!".
- Soviet_Union motto "Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!".
- Soviet_Union thumbnail Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg?width=300.
- Soviet_Union wikiPageExternalLink ImpressionsOfSovietRussia.htm.
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- Soviet_Union wikiPageExternalLink soviet.globalmuseumoncommunism.org.
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- Soviet_Union wikiPageExternalLink www.historyebook.org.
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- Soviet_Union wikiPageID "26779".
- Soviet_Union wikiPageRevisionID "606742216".
- Soviet_Union b "no".
- Soviet_Union callingCode "7".
- Soviet_Union capital "Moscow".
- Soviet_Union cctld ".su".
- Soviet_Union commonLanguages "Russian, many others".
- Soviet_Union commonName "Soviet Union".
- Soviet_Union continent "Eurasia".
- Soviet_Union conventionalLongName "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Other names)".
- Soviet_Union currency Soviet_ruble.
- Soviet_Union currencyCode "SUR".
- Soviet_Union dateEnd "--12-26".
- Soviet_Union dateStart "--12-30".
- Soviet_Union demonym Soviet_people.
- Soviet_Union deputy "Ivan Silayev".
- Soviet_Union deputy "Vladimir Lenin".
- Soviet_Union direction "vertical".
- Soviet_Union era Cold_War.
- Soviet_Union era Interwar_period.
- Soviet_Union era World_War_II.
- Soviet_Union eventEnd Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union.
- Soviet_Union eventStart Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR.
- Soviet_Union flag "Flag of the Soviet Union".
- Soviet_Union flagP "Flag RSFSR 1918.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagP "Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagP "Flag of the Byelorussian SSR .svg".
- Soviet_Union flagP "Flag of the Ukrainian SSR .svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Armenia.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Azerbaijan.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Belarus .svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Estonia.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Georgia .svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Kazakhstan.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Kyrgyz SSR.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Latvia.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Lithuania 1989-2004.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Moldova.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Russia 1991-1993.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Tajik SSR.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Turkmen SSR.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Ukraine.svg".
- Soviet_Union flagS "Flag of Uzbekistan.svg".
- Soviet_Union footer "Stalin and Nikolai Yezhov, head of the NKVD. After Yezhov was executed, he was edited out of the image.".
- Soviet_Union footnotes "--09-19".