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• Startup_neutron_source abstract "Startup neutron source is a neutron source used for stable and reliable initiation of nuclear chain reaction in nuclear reactors, when they are loaded with fresh nuclear fuel, whose neutron flux from spontaneous fission is insufficient for a reliable startup, or after prolonged shutdown periods. Neutron sources ensure a constant minimal population of neutrons in the reactor core, sufficient for a smooth startup. Without them, the reactor could suffer fast power excursions during startup from state with too few self-generated neutrons (new core or after extended shutdown).The startup sources are typically inserted in regularly spaced positions inside the reactor core, in place of some of the fuel rods.The sources are important for safe reactor startup. The spontaneous fission and cosmic rays serve as weak neutron sources, but these are too weak for the reactor instrumentation to detect; relying on them could lead to a "blind" start, which is an unsafe condition. The sources are therefore positioned so the neutron flux they produce is always detectable by the reactor monitoring instruments. When the reactor is in shutdown state, the neutron sources serve to provide signals for neutron detectors monitoring the reactor, to ensure they are operable. The equilibrium level of neutron flux in a subcritical reactor is dependent on the neutron source strength; a certain minimum level of source activity therefore has to be ensured in order to maintain control over the reactor when in strongly subcritical state, namely during startups.The sources can be of two types: Primary sources, used for startup of a fresh reactor core; conventional neutron sources are used. The primary sources are removed from the reactor after the first fuel campaign, usually after few months, as neutron capture resulting from the thermal neutron flux in an operating reactor changes the composition of the isotopes used, and thus reduces their useful lifetime as neutron sources. Californium-252 (spontaneous fission) Plutonium-238-beryllium, plutonium-239-beryllium or americium-beryllium (α,n) nuclear reactions. Secondary sources, originally inert, become radioactive and neutron-producing only after neutron activation in the reactor. Due to this, they tend to be less expensive. Exposure to thermal neutrons also serves to maintain the source activity (the radioactive isotopes are both burned and generated in neutron flux). Sb-Be photoneutron source; antimony becomes radioactive in the reactor and its strong gamma emissions (1.7 MeV for 124Sb) interact with beryllium-9 by an (γ,n) reaction and provide photoneutrons. In a PWR reactor one neutron source rod contains 160 grams of antimony, and stay in the reactor for 5–7 years. The sources are often constructed as an antimony rod surrounded by beryllium layer and clad in stainless steel. Antimony-beryllium alloy can be also used.Boron-11 can be added to the fuel; it emits neutrons by the (α,n) reaction to nitrogen-14. Deuterium in heavy water emits neutrons by (γ,n) reaction to 1H.When plutonium-238/beryllium primary sources are utilized, they can be either affixed to control rods which are removed from the reactor when it is powered, or clad in a cadmium alloy, which is opaque to thermal neutrons (reducing transmutation of the plutonium-238 by neutron capture) but transparent to fast neutrons produced by the source.The chain reaction in the first critical reactor, CP-1, was initiated by neutron sources generated during its prior subcritical test runs. The very first of those could have been initiated by ambient cosmic-ray neutrons. Similarly, in modern reactors (after startup), delayed neutron emission from fission products suffices to sustain the amplification reaction while yielding controllable growth times. (In comparison, a bomb is based on immediate neutrons and grows exponentially in nanoseconds.)".
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• Startup_neutron_source wikiPageRevisionID "583803598".
• Startup_neutron_source hasPhotoCollection Startup_neutron_source.
• Startup_neutron_source subject Category:Neutron_sources.
• Startup_neutron_source subject Category:Nuclear_reactors.
• Startup_neutron_source type Beginning108507558.
• Startup_neutron_source type Location100027167.
• Startup_neutron_source type NeutronSources.
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• Startup_neutron_source comment "Startup neutron source is a neutron source used for stable and reliable initiation of nuclear chain reaction in nuclear reactors, when they are loaded with fresh nuclear fuel, whose neutron flux from spontaneous fission is insufficient for a reliable startup, or after prolonged shutdown periods. Neutron sources ensure a constant minimal population of neutrons in the reactor core, sufficient for a smooth startup.".
• Startup_neutron_source label "Startup neutron source".
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• Startup_neutron_source depiction RBMK_Reaktor_ChNPP-4.svg.
• Startup_neutron_source isPrimaryTopicOf Startup_neutron_source.