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- Steel abstract "Steel is an alloy of iron, with carbon, which may contribute up to 2.1% of its weight. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that naturally exist in the iron atom crystal lattices. Varying the amount of alloying elements, their form in the steel either as solute elements, or as precipitated phases, retards the movement of those dislocations that make iron so ductile and so weak, and so it controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel can be made stronger than pure iron, but only by trading away ductility, of which iron has an excess.Although steel had been produced in bloomery furnaces for thousands of years, steel's use expanded extensively after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century for blister steel and then crucible steel. With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century, a new era of mass-produced steel began. This was followed by Siemens-Martin process and then Gilchrist-Thomas process that refined the quality of steel. With their introductions, mild steel replaced wrought iron.Further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS), further lowered the cost of production, while increasing the quality of the metal and largely replaced earlier methods. Today, steel is one of the most common materials in the world, with more than 1.3 billion tons produced annually. It is a major component in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted standards organizations.".
- Steel thumbnail Steel_wire_rope.JPG?width=300.
- Steel wikiPageExternalLink v=onepage&q&f=true,.
- Steel wikiPageExternalLink 0558.
- Steel wikiPageExternalLink PM.qst?a=o&d=108742046.
- Steel wikiPageExternalLink PM.qst?a=o&d=3914930.
- Steel wikiPageExternalLink PM.qst?a=o&d=808791.
- Steel wikiPageExternalLink PM.qst?a=o&d=94821694.
- Steel wikiPageExternalLink steeluniversity.org.
- Steel wikiPageExternalLink www.matdat.com.
- Steel wikiPageExternalLink Fealloys.html.
- Steel wikiPageExternalLink cooking-steel.
- Steel wikiPageExternalLink www.worldsteel.org.
- Steel wikiPageID "27058".
- Steel wikiPageRevisionID "606099154".
- Steel hasPhotoCollection Steel.
- Steel subject Category:Building_materials.
- Steel subject Category:Steel.
- Steel comment "Steel is an alloy of iron, with carbon, which may contribute up to 2.1% of its weight. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that naturally exist in the iron atom crystal lattices.".
- Steel label "Acciaio".
- Steel label "Acero".
- Steel label "Acier".
- Steel label "Aço".
- Steel label "Staal (legering)".
- Steel label "Stahl".
- Steel label "Stal".
- Steel label "Steel".
- Steel label "Сталь".
- Steel label "صلب (سبيكة)".
- Steel label "鋼".
- Steel label "钢".
- Steel sameAs Ocel.
- Steel sameAs Stahl.
- Steel sameAs Χάλυβας.
- Steel sameAs Acero.
- Steel sameAs Altzairu.
- Steel sameAs Acier.
- Steel sameAs Baja.
- Steel sameAs Acciaio.
- Steel sameAs 鋼.
- Steel sameAs 강철.
- Steel sameAs Staal_(legering).
- Steel sameAs Stal.
- Steel sameAs Aço.
- Steel sameAs m.06qqb.
- Steel sameAs Q11427.
- Steel sameAs Q11427.
- Steel wasDerivedFrom Steel?oldid=606099154.
- Steel depiction Steel_wire_rope.JPG.
- Steel isPrimaryTopicOf Steel.
