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- Utilitarianism abstract "Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes utility, usually defined as maximizing total benefit and reducing suffering or the negatives. Classic utilitarianism's two most influential contributors are Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. John Stuart Mill in his book Utilitarianism, stated, "In the golden rule of Jesus of Nazareth, we read the complete spirit of the ethics of utility. To do as one would be done by, and to love one's neighbour as oneself, constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality." According to both Bentham and Mill, utilitarianism is only considered to be a hedonistic approach, if the results of an action do not directly cause a negative impact on others.. It is now generally taken to be a form of consequentialism, although when Anscombe first introduced that term it was to distinguish between "old-fashioned utilitarianism" and consequentialism. In utilitarianism, the moral worth of an action is determined only by its resulting consequences. Although there is debate over how much consideration should be given to actual consequences, foreseen consequences and intended consequences. In A Fragment on Government, Bentham says, "it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong" and describes this as a fundamental axiom. In An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, he talks of "the principle of utility" but later prefers "the greatest happiness principle." In the 21st century, Sam Harris received much attention for his book The Moral Landscape, in which Harris argues for a version of utilitarianism that views the "worst misery for everyone" as the worst ethical scenario and the "greatest happiness for everyone" as the best ethical scenario. Harris argues that knowledge in natural science and social science can guide us to understanding the right and wrong ways to move upward in this spectrum, and thus that moral truths exist, regardless of how well humans understand these moral facts.Utilitarianism can be characterized as a quantitative and reductionist approach to ethics. It is a type of naturalism. It can be contrasted with deontological ethics, which does not regard the consequences of an act as a determinant of its moral worth; virtue ethics, which primarily focuses on acts and habits leading to happiness; pragmatic ethics; as well as with ethical egoism and other varieties of consequentialism.Utilitarianism is influential in political philosophy. Bentham and Mill believed that a utilitarian government was achievable through democracy. Mill thought that despotism was also justifiable through utilitarianism as a transitional phase towards more democratic forms of governance. As an advocate of liberalism, Mill stressed the relationship between utilitarianism and individualism.".
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- Utilitarianism subject Category:Classical_liberalism.
- Utilitarianism subject Category:Consequentialism.
- Utilitarianism subject Category:Ethical_theories.
- Utilitarianism subject Category:Hedonism.
- Utilitarianism subject Category:Social_philosophy.
- Utilitarianism subject Category:Utilitarianism.
- Utilitarianism comment "Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes utility, usually defined as maximizing total benefit and reducing suffering or the negatives. Classic utilitarianism's two most influential contributors are Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. John Stuart Mill in his book Utilitarianism, stated, "In the golden rule of Jesus of Nazareth, we read the complete spirit of the ethics of utility.".
- Utilitarianism label "Utilitarianism".
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- Utilitarianism label "Utylitaryzm".
- Utilitarianism label "Утилитаризм".
- Utilitarianism label "نفعية".
- Utilitarianism label "功利主義".
- Utilitarianism label "效益主義".
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