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• X-10_Graphite_Reactor abstract "The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation.When President Roosevelt in December 1942 authorized the Manhattan Project, the Oak Ridge site in eastern Tennessee had already been obtained for the Clinton Engineer Works and plans had been laid for establishing an air-cooled experimental pile, a pilot chemical separation plant, and support facilities. The X-10 Graphite Reactor, designed and built in ten months, went into operation on November 4, 1943. The reactor used neutrons emitted in the fission of uranium-235 to convert uranium-238 into a new element, plutonium-239.The reactor consists of a huge block of graphite, measuring 24 feet (7.3 m) on each side, surrounded by several feet of high-density concrete as a radiation shield. The block is pierced by 1,248 horizontal diamond-shaped channels in which rows of cylindrical uranium slugs formed long rods. Cooling air circulated through the channels on all sides of the slugs. After a period of operation, operators pushed fresh slugs into the channels from the face of the pile and the irradiated slugs would fall from the back wall through a chute into an underwater bucket. Following weeks of underwater storage to allow for decay in radioactivity, the slugs were delivered to the chemical separation building.The X-10 Graphite Reactor supplied the Los Alamos laboratory with the first significant amounts of plutonium. Fission studies of these samples from the reactor heavily influenced bomb design. The X-10 chemical separation plant also proved the bismuth phosphate process that was used in the full-scale separation facilities at Hanford. Finally, the reactor and chemical separation plant provided invaluable experience for engineers, technicians, reactor operators, and safety officials who then moved on to the Hanford site.After the war ended, the graphite reactor became the first facility in the world to produce radioactive isotopes for peacetime use. On August 2, 1946, ORNL director Eugene Wigner presented a small container of carbon-14 to the director of the Barnard Free Skin and Cancer Hospital, for medical use at the hospital in St. Louis. Subsequent shipments of radioisotopes, primarily iodine-131, phosphorus-32, and carbon-14, were intended for scientific, medical, industrial and agricultural uses.The Graphite Reactor at X-10 was shut down in 1963, after twenty years of use. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966. In 1969 the American Society for Metals listed it as a landmark for its contributions to the advancement of materials science and technology. In 2008 it was designated as a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society. The control room and reactor face are accessible to the public during scheduled tours offered through the American Museum of Science and Energy.".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor added "1966-10-15".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor area "4046.8564224".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor governingBody United_States_Department_of_Energy.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor location Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor nearestCity Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor nrhpReferenceNumber "66000720".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor thumbnail X10_Reactor_Face.jpg?width=300.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor wikiPageExternalLink 66000720.pdf.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor wikiPageExternalLink index.shtml.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor wikiPageExternalLink Oakridge.shtml.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor wikiPageExternalLink graphite.htm.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor wikiPageID "4110093".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor wikiPageRevisionID "545832771".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor yearOfConstruction "1943".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor added "1966-10-15".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor area "less than".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor built "1943".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor caption "Workers in the Graphite Reactor used rods to push fresh uranium slugs into the reactor's concrete loading face.".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor designatedNrhpType "1965-12-21".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor governingBody United_States_Department_of_Energy.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor hasPhotoCollection X-10_Graphite_Reactor.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor imagesize "260".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor latDegrees "35".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor latDirection "N".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor latMinutes "55".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor latSeconds "34.8486".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor location Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor locmapin "Tennessee".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor longDegrees "84".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor longDirection "W".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor longMinutes "18".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor longSeconds "59.2662".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor name "X-10 Reactor, Oak Ridge National Laboratory".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor nearestCity Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor nrhpType "nhl".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor refnum "66000720".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor wordnet_type synset-location-noun-1.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor subject Category:Infrastructure_completed_in_1943.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor subject Category:Manhattan_Project.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor subject Category:Military_nuclear_reactors.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor subject Category:National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Tennessee.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor subject Category:Nuclear_history_of_the_United_States.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor subject Category:Nuclear_weapons_infrastructure_of_the_United_States.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor subject Category:Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor subject Category:Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor point "35.926346833333334 -84.31646283333333".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor type ArchitecturalStructure.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor type Building.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor type Place.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor type Wikidata:Q532.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor type Place.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor type Place.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor type Location.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor type _Feature.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor comment "The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation.When President Roosevelt in December 1942 authorized the Manhattan Project, the Oak Ridge site in eastern Tennessee had already been obtained for the Clinton Engineer Works and plans had been laid for establishing an air-cooled experimental pile, a pilot chemical separation plant, and support facilities. ".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor label "Reactor de Grafito X-10".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor label "X-10 Graphite Reactor".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor label "Графитовый реактор X-10".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor sameAs Reactor_de_Grafito_X-10.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor sameAs m.0bjn54.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor sameAs Q4133095.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor sameAs Q4133095.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor lat "35.926346833333334".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor long "-84.31646283333333".
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor wasDerivedFrom X-10_Graphite_Reactor?oldid=545832771.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor depiction X10_Reactor_Face.jpg.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor isPrimaryTopicOf X-10_Graphite_Reactor.
• X-10_Graphite_Reactor name "X-10 Reactor, Oak Ridge National Laboratory".