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• X-ray_crystallography abstract "X-ray crystallography is a tool used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their disorder and various other information.Since many materials can form crystals—such as salts, metals, minerals, semiconductors, as well as various inorganic, organic and biological molecules—X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields. In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys. The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA. X-ray crystallography is still the chief method for characterizing the atomic structure of new materials and in discerning materials that appear similar by other experiments. X-ray crystal structures can also account for unusual electronic or elastic properties of a material, shed light on chemical interactions and processes, or serve as the basis for designing pharmaceuticals against diseases.In an X-ray diffraction measurement, a crystal is mounted on a goniometer and gradually rotated while being bombarded with X-rays, producing a diffraction pattern of regularly spaced spots known as reflections. The two-dimensional images taken at different rotations are converted into a three-dimensional model of the density of electrons within the crystal using the mathematical method of Fourier transforms, combined with chemical data known for the sample. Poor resolution (fuzziness) or even errors may result if the crystals are too small, or not uniform enough in their internal makeup.X-ray crystallography is related to several other methods for determining atomic structures. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by scattering electrons or neutrons, which are likewise interpreted as a Fourier transform. If single crystals of sufficient size cannot be obtained, various other X-ray methods can be applied to obtain less detailed information; such methods include fiber diffraction, powder diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).If the material under investigation is only available in the form of nanocrystalline powders or suffers from poor crystallinity, the methods of electron crystallography can be applied for determining the atomic structure.For all above mentioned X-ray diffraction methods, the scattering is elastic; the scattered X-rays have the same wavelength as the incoming X-ray. By contrast, inelastic X-ray scattering methods are useful in studying excitations of the sample, rather than the distribution of its atoms.[citation needed]".
• X-ray_crystallography thumbnail Zeolite-ZSM-5-3D-vdW.png?width=300.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink JLiangXtal.pdf.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink Membrane_Proteins_xtal.html.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink iucr.org.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink molprobity.biochem.duke.edu.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink 5580.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink ndbserver.rutgers.edu.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink crystallography.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink crystallography-timeline.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink index.php?section=1.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink csd.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink lecture7.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink Crystallography_Rhodes.pdf.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink dali.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink pdbsum.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink icsd.html.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink 50YearsOfXrayDiffraction.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink www.proteopedia.org.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink www.rnabase.org.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink 101index.html.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink index-en.html.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink fourier.html.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink sfintro.html.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink BMCD4.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink hicup.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink flipper.services.came.sbg.ac.at.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageExternalLink prosa.php.
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageID "34151".
• X-ray_crystallography wikiPageRevisionID "606149219".
• X-ray_crystallography by "no".
• X-ray_crystallography hasPhotoCollection X-ray_crystallography.
• X-ray_crystallography lcheading "X-ray crystallography".
• X-ray_crystallography onlinebooks "no".
• X-ray_crystallography subject Category:Crystallography.
• X-ray_crystallography subject Category:Diffraction.
• X-ray_crystallography subject Category:Protein_methods.
• X-ray_crystallography subject Category:Protein_structure.
• X-ray_crystallography subject Category:Synchrotron-related_techniques.
• X-ray_crystallography subject Category:X-ray_crystallography.
• X-ray_crystallography subject Category:X-rays.
• X-ray_crystallography type Ability105616246.
• X-ray_crystallography type Abstraction100002137.
• X-ray_crystallography type Cognition100023271.
• X-ray_crystallography type Know-how105616786.
• X-ray_crystallography type Method105660268.
• X-ray_crystallography type ProteinMethods.
• X-ray_crystallography type PsychologicalFeature100023100.
• X-ray_crystallography type Synchrotron-relatedTechniques.
• X-ray_crystallography type Technique105665146.
• X-ray_crystallography comment "X-ray crystallography is a tool used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal.".
• X-ray_crystallography label "Cristallografia a raggi X".
• X-ray_crystallography label "Cristallographie aux rayons X".
• X-ray_crystallography label "Cristalografía de rayos X".
• X-ray_crystallography label "Difração de raios X".
• X-ray_crystallography label "Rentgenografia strukturalna".
• X-ray_crystallography label "Röntgenbeugung".
• X-ray_crystallography label "Röntgendiffractie".
• X-ray_crystallography label "X-ray crystallography".
• X-ray_crystallography label "X光散射技术".
• X-ray_crystallography label "X線回折".
• X-ray_crystallography label "Рентгеноструктурный анализ".
• X-ray_crystallography label "حيود الأشعة السينية".
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs Rentgenová_krystalografie.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs Röntgenbeugung.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs Cristalografía_de_rayos_X.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs Cristallographie_aux_rayons_X.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs Kristalografi_sinar-X.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs Cristallografia_a_raggi_X.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs X線回折.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs X선_회절.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs Röntgendiffractie.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs Rentgenografia_strukturalna.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs Difração_de_raios_X.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs m.0877h.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs Q826582.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs Q826582.
• X-ray_crystallography sameAs X-ray_crystallography.
• X-ray_crystallography wasDerivedFrom X-ray_crystallography?oldid=606149219.
• X-ray_crystallography depiction Zeolite-ZSM-5-3D-vdW.png.
• X-ray_crystallography isPrimaryTopicOf X-ray_crystallography.