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- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy abstract "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition at the parts per thousand range, empirical formula, chemical state and electronic state of the elements that exist within a material. XPS spectra are obtained by irradiating a material with a beam of X-rays while simultaneously measuring the kinetic energy and number of electrons that escape from the top 0 to 10 nm of the material being analyzed. XPS requires high vacuum (P ~ 10-8 millibar) or ultra-high vacuum (UHV; P < 10-9 millibar) conditions, although a current area of development is ambient-pressure XPS, in which samples are analyzed at pressures of a few tens of millibar.XPS is a surface chemical analysis technique that can be used to analyze the surface chemistry of a material in its as-received state, or after some treatment, for example: fracturing, cutting or scraping in air or UHV to expose the bulk chemistry, ion beam etching to clean off some or all of the surface contamination (with mild ion etching) or to intentionally expose deeper layers of the sample (with more extensive ion etching) in depth-profiling XPS, exposure to heat to study the changes due to heating, exposure to reactive gases or solutions, exposure to ion beam implant, exposure to ultraviolet light.XPS is also known as ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis), an abbreviation introduced by Kai Siegbahn's research group to emphasize the chemical (rather than merely elemental) information that the technique provides.In principle XPS detects all elements. In practice, using typical laboratory-scale X-ray sources, XPS detects all elements with an atomic number (Z) of 3 (lithium) and above. It cannot easily detect hydrogen (Z = 1) or helium (Z = 2).Detection limits for most of the elements (on a modern instrument) are in the parts per thousand range. Detection limits of parts per million (ppm) are possible, but require special conditions: concentration at top surface or very long collection time (overnight).XPS is routinely used to analyze inorganic compounds, metal alloys, semiconductors, polymers, elements, catalysts, glasses, ceramics, paints, papers, inks, woods, plant parts, make-up, teeth, bones, medical implants, bio-materials, viscous oils, glues, ion-modified materials and many others.XPS is less routinely used to analyze the hydrated forms of some of the above materials by freezing the samples in their hydrated state in an ultra pure environment, and allowing or causing multilayers of ice to sublime away prior to analysis. Such hydrated XPS analysis allows hydrated sample structures, which may be different from vacuum-dehydrated sample structures, to be studied in their more relevant as-used hydrated structure. Many bio-materials such as hydrogels are examples of such samples.".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy thumbnail System2.gif?width=300.
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- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy wikiPageExternalLink superesca.html.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy wikiPageExternalLink instrument-description.html.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy wikiPageExternalLink x-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy.html.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy wikiPageExternalLink www.iso.ch.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy wikiPageExternalLink links.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy wikiPageID "70847".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy wikiPageRevisionID "606083745".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy hasPhotoCollection X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy subject Category:Atomic_physics.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy subject Category:Molecular_physics.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy subject Category:Scientific_techniques.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy subject Category:Spectroscopy.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy subject Category:Surface_chemistry.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy type Ability105616246.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy type Abstraction100002137.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy type Cognition100023271.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy type Know-how105616786.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy type Method105660268.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy type PsychologicalFeature100023100.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy type ScientificTechniques.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy type Technique105665146.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy comment "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition at the parts per thousand range, empirical formula, chemical state and electronic state of the elements that exist within a material. XPS spectra are obtained by irradiating a material with a beam of X-rays while simultaneously measuring the kinetic energy and number of electrons that escape from the top 0 to 10 nm of the material being analyzed.".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy label "Espectroscopia de fotoelectrones emitidos por rayos X".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy label "Espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy label "Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy label "Spectrométrie photoélectronique X".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy label "Spektroskopia fotoelektronów w zakresie promieniowania X".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy label "Spettroscopia fotoelettronica a raggi X".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy label "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy label "X射线光电子能谱学".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy label "X線光電子分光".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy label "Рентгеновская фотоэлектронная спектроскопия".
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy sameAs Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy sameAs Espectroscopia_de_fotoelectrones_emitidos_por_rayos_X.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy sameAs Spectrométrie_photoélectronique_X.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy sameAs Spettroscopia_fotoelettronica_a_raggi_X.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy sameAs X線光電子分光.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy sameAs Spektroskopia_fotoelektronów_w_zakresie_promieniowania_X.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy sameAs Espectroscopia_de_fotoelétrons_excitados_por_raios_X.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy sameAs m.0jb6n.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy sameAs Q899559.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy sameAs Q899559.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy sameAs X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy wasDerivedFrom X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy?oldid=606083745.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy depiction System2.gif.
- X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy isPrimaryTopicOf X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy.
